The Years Between the Wars 1919-1939

1. The Years Between the Wars1919-1939 APUSH Chapters 31-34

2. The Administration of Warren G. Harding

3. 1920 Election • Warren G. Harding was chosen as the Republican candidate and Calvin Coolidge as V.P. candidate. He ran under the “Return to Normalcy” campaign. • Harding won the easily with 404 electoral votes

4. The Republicans Return • Harding sought to collect the "best minds" • Charles Evans Hughes became Secretary of State, Andrew Mellon became Secretary of Treasury, and Herbert Hoover became Secretary of Commerce • Harding appointed 4 Supreme Court justices. Three were standard traditionalists • Laissez-faire economics returned to America with many industrialists seeking to let business run free.

5. Continued • The new conservative court halted progressive laws and thinking. • Adkins v. Children's Hospital the court reversed its own decision on women in the workplace • The Anti-trust laws and reforms which had been applied during the Progressive years were set aside, like the Interstate Commerce Commission. The government also stepped away from business intervention.

6. Seeing “Red” • America's mood changed to isolationism and anti-foreigner. " • The Red Scare soon emerged. This fear was fueled by the recent Russian revolution and rise of socialism. • Atty. Gen. Mitchell Palmer vowed to round up the reds. (Palmer Raids of 1919) • The Scare saw many people put under trial, like Nicola Sacco and Bartolommeo Vanzetti

7. “New Immigrants” • The Emergency Quota Act of 1921: cut the number of immigrants who could enter America to 3% of their nationality's U.S. population in 1910. • Immigration Act of 1924: took the number down to 2% of a group's U.S. population in 1890

8. Hoodlums of the KKK • The KKK re-emerged during the 1920s. They were now anti-Catholic, Jewish, Black, Communist, and Pacifist. They also disliked gambling, birth control, adultery, and bootleggers. • During the 1920s, they were 5 million members strong.

9. Prohibition • In 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was passed prohibiting alcohol. Congress passed the Volstead Act later in the year to carry out the amendment. • With prohibition, American cities saw the age of gangsters arise. It created an entire industry for organized crime through liquor distribution.

10. The Rise of Organized Crime • Speakeasies became the commonplace for finding illegal alcohol. • Scarface' Al Capone led Chicago. The feds named him "Public Enemy Number One.” • By 1930, the estimate of gang income was between $12 and $18 billion.

11. Scandal, Scandal, Scandal • Harding’s administration was one filled with scandal • Col. Charles R. Forbes and the Veterans’ Bureau • TheTeapot Dome Scandal involving oil. • Sec. of Interior Albert B. Fall oversaw the oil reserves at "Teapot Dome" in Wyoming. He sold rights to private investors. Spent only one year in jail.

12. Foreign Policy Tensions Interventionism Disarmament • Isolationism • Nativists • Anti-War movement • Conservative Republicans • Collective security • “Wilsonianism” • Business interests

13. American Isolationism • Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. • Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. • July, 1921  Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over! Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

14. Washington Disarmament Conference(1921-1922) • Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States. • Goals  naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East.

15. Five-Power Treaty (1922) • A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 • Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines]. • Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

16. Four Powers Treaty (1921) • Four Powers Treaty (US, Japan, Gr Br, France) agreed to respect each others territorial possessions in the Pacific • To further satisfy the Japanese, Br and US agreed not to fortify our possessions against the Japanese

17. Nine Powers Treaty • Nine Powers agreed to respect the territorial integrity of China (just like the Open Door notes): US, Br, Fr, Japan, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, China

18. The Administration of Calvin Coolidge

19. “Silent Cal” Coolidge • On August 2, 1923, President Harding died • VP Calvin Coolidge became president. VERY pro-business (“The business of America IS business…”) • He saw that the McNary-Haugen Bill was vetoed. It tried to keep the price of agricultural goods high.

20. Hyper-Inflation in Germany:1923

21. 1924 Election • Coolidge was re-elected for the Republican Party as a conservative. • The Progressive Party nominated Senator Robert LaFollette. • He was endorsed by the AFL union and socialists. Even though he didn’t win he still received over 5 million votes. • Coolidge easily won the election

22. European Debts to the US

23. Dawes Plan(1924)

24. Locarno Pact(1925) • Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. • Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

25. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) • 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. • 62 nations signed. • Problems no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

26. Clark Memorandum (1928) • Clark pledged that the US would not intervene in Latin American affairs in order to protect US property rights. • This was a complete rebuke of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine! Secretary of StateJ. Reuben Clark

27. The Administration of Herbert Hoover

28. 1928 Election • Herbert Hoover was the Rep candidate with his “Rugged Individualism” campaign. • The Democrats nominated NY Gov. Alfred E. Smith • Radio was a new, huge factor in the election • The campaign was full of mudslinging, but Hoover still won with 444 to 87 electoral votes.

29. Hoover’s First Moves • Agricultural Marketing Act passed that set up a Federal Farm Board to help keep crop prices high, control surpluses, and lend money to the farmers • Isolationism was carried in the economics as well as politics. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff hiked up the tariff to almost 60%.

30. Big Bull Market • There was too much speculation in too-risky areas during the 20's. • Many people bought "on margin", meaning they bought with borrowed money. • Congress did ease the tax burden on the rich and the economy did boom during the 20's.

31. The Great Crash • The stock market had been shooting higher and higher all decade • American over-production and under-consumption, buying on margin, and over-speculation worsened matters, • On "Black Tuesday," October 29, 1929, the bottom dropped out of the stock market with stockholders losing 40 billion by 1929’s end.

32. Young Plan(1930) • For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! • $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. • By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.

33. Ragged Individualists • Hoover was adamant that the government take no direct action to aid people in distress. • Eventually Hoover recommended Congress dole out $2.25 billion. • The massive Boulder Dam was begun in 1930 • Labor Unions saw rise again • Congress passed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act which outlawed antiunion contracts (AKA "yellow dog" contracts) • The people still struggled though, many being forced to move into shanty-towns eventually named “Hoovervilles”.

34. Bonus Expeditionary Force • WW1 veterans were asking for their much-needed bonuses • The “force”: over 20,000 people who marched to DC and set up camp on the Mall demanding their bonuses • Hoover had Gen. Douglas MacArthur evict the men and women. In the end, after the use of tear gas and bayonets, 55 people were injured and the American public was outraged.

36. Lindbergh Law • America got a hero when Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. He was instantly a hero. • Gang violence/extortion hit the headlines in 1932 when Charles Lindbergh's baby was kidnapped for ransom. The baby was soon found murdered. • Congress passed the "Lindbergh Law" making interstate kidnapping punishable by death.

37. Education and Science for Life • John Dewey advocated “learning by doing” and “education for life”. • The Rockefeller Foundation funded a health drive that nearly eliminated hookworm which mostly struck the poor • Scientists butted heads with traditionalists in the 20's in the "Scopes Monkey Trial" over Darwin's theory of evolution.

38. Mass Consumption Economy • The 1920's generally enjoyed a robust economy. • Henry Ford perfected the assembly line which led to mass production. • Ads began to employ persuasion and sex appeal. • Bruce Barton wrote The Man Nobody Knows. That man was Jesus Christ, whom Barton said was the best advertiser ever and others marketers would do well to follow his steps. • People began to buy things they didn't know they'd needed or wanted on installment plans and credit.

39. Baseball was the king of American sports with heroes like Babe Ruth.

40. Hollywood • The first full-length movie (as opposed to The Great Train Robbery in 1903) was made in 1915 by D.W. Griffith called The Birth of a Nation. It glorified the KKK. • The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson in 1927 was the first “talkie”. • Movies quickly became America's foremost form entertainment. • Movie stars like Charles Chaplain emerged.

41. Social Changes • By the census of 1920, for the first time, more Americans lived in urban areas than in rural areas. • Margaret Sanger promoted birth-control for women. • Religious modernists also came forth. Modernists viewed God as an ‘old chum’, as opposed to the traditional view that man was a born sinner and in need of forgiveness through Christ.

42. The Jazz Age • The Jazz Age (coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald saw new forms of music and dance come forth. • Jazz artists like Louis Armstrong helped let flappers dance to the Charleston and be free. • Flappers dressed in new ways, drank booze, and openly spoke of sex.

43. Harlem Renaissance • Black pride emerged, largely in the cities. • Poets like Langston Hughes and writers like Zora Neale Hursten penned the voice of black America.

44. Back to Africa • Marcus Garvey founded the United Negro Improvement Association to re-locate blacks to their “native homeland”. • He later started the Nation of Islam (Black Muslim) movement.

45. Literature liberation • The 1920's was also a turning point in literature. The new writers were from broad backgrounds and all wrote differently. • .

46. The “Lost Generation” • Authors who were disillusioned with life in America (materialism, etc) especially after the horror of World War I • F. Scott Fitzgerald, Theodore Dreiser, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and Eugene O'Neill all played major parts

47. The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

48. 1932 Election • 1932 was likely the worst year of the Great Depression and it was an election year. • The Democrats nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt. • His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was also active in politics. • FDR used slogans like “The Happy Days are Here Again” • FDR won the election in a landslide, 472 to 59 in the electoral vote. • A new voting trend ended and started in this election: black voters switched from the Republican party to the Democratic party.

49. Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931) • League of Nations condemned the action. • Japan leaves the League. • Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

50. Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932) • US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. • Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new territories a few decades earlier. • Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932  massive casualties.