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How do living organisms fuel their actions?

How do living organisms fuel their actions?. Cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. ATP. Cellular Respiration. Requires (1) fuel and (2) oxygen. Potential energy stored in chemical bonds of sugar, protein, and fat molecules.

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How do living organisms fuel their actions?

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  1. How do living organisms fuel their actions? Cellular respiration

  2. Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy ATP

  3. Cellular Respiration Requires (1) fuel and (2) oxygen. Potential energy stored in chemical bonds of sugar, protein, and fat molecules. Breaks bonds to release the high-energy electrons captured in ATP. Oxygen is electronmagnet.

  4. Figure 4.2 step 1

  5. Figure 4.2 step 2

  6. Figure 4.2 step 3

  7. Cellular Respiration

  8. Clarification - Two Types of Respiration • External – exchange of gases through breathing (O2 in, CO2 out) • Internal/Cellular – breakdown of food with or without O2 to produce ATP for the cell

  9. Conversion of Energy • Energy is the ability to do work • 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be inter-converted

  10. What is energy in biology? ATP HOT stuff!!!

  11. All organisms are energy consumers • What do we need energy for? • synthesis (building for growth) • reproduction • active transport • movement • temperature control (making heat)

  12. Where do we get energy? • Energy is stored in organic molecules • carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Animals eat these organic molecules  food • digest food to get • fuels for energy (ATP) • raw materials for building more molecules • carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids ATP • Plants break down the food they produced in photosynthesis

  13. What is Cellular Respiration? • The process in which organisms take molecules broken down from food and release the chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of those molecules. • It’s important to remember that food is not the direct source of energy. • The energy that is released from chemical bonds during cellular respiration is stored in molecules of ATP.

  14. Food Is Used to Power the Operations of Life • ATP is the energy unit of the cell. • Food is “burned” in the cell to produce ATP. • 3 mechanisms exist to produce ATP. • Different foods can be inter-converted and used for energy or stored.

  15. Energy Is Created During Internal Respiration • True • False

  16. When water moves through a hydroelectric power plant some of the energy of the water • is lost • is converted into electrical energy • Is converted into ATP • disappears

  17. food O2 ATP CO2 H2O What do we need to make energy? • The “Furnace” for making energy • mitochondria • Fuel • food:carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Helpers • oxygen • enzymes • Product • ATP • Waste products • carbon dioxide • then used by plants • water enzymes

  18. Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

  19. Using ATP to do work? ATP • Can’t store ATP • too unstable • only used in cell that produces it • only short term energy storage • carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage work Adenosine TriPhosphate Adenosine DiPhosphate ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

  20. Adenine Adenine O O P P ATP-ADP Interconversion Energy for Cell P P P P Energy from Glucose

  21. { • energy needed even at rest • activity • temperature control { • growth • reproduction • repair { • glycogen(animal starch) • fat A Body’s Energy Budget make energy 1 ATP eatfood 2 synthesis (building) 3 storage

  22. Which of the following is a form of energy used directly by organisms for its processes? • NADH • ATP • Carbohydrates • Fats

  23. It is necessary for a cell to convert sugars into ATP and NADH because: • Sugar is unstable in the cell • ATP and NADH are easier to use by the cell • The cell gains energy in this process • The cell needs water and CO2 that this process releases.

  24. Food Can be “Burned” to Produce ATP Burning of Food to produce ATP is called Cellular Respiration

  25. The Cellular Respiration Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water • Notice that the cellular respiration equation is the breakdown of those molecules made through photosynthesis and that it also uses the waste products of photosynthesis. Notice that photosynthesis uses those products made by cellular respiration.

  26. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis This is representative of a cycle.

  27. Overall, cellular respiration is a process that is aerobic. Aerobic means that it requires the presence of oxygen. • Some steps within the process of cellular respiration do not require the presence of oxygen and are therefore anaerobic.

  28. Where does cellular respiration occur? • Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell. • Recall that the mitochondria is considered to be the “powerhouse” of the cell because it produces the majority of a cell’s ATP.

  29. Energy Carriers Found in Cellular Respiration • ATP • NADH (similar to NADPH in photosynthesis) • FADH2

  30. In eukaryotic cells, respiration has three stages: Glycolysis Glucose Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvate Electron Transport Chain NADH/FADH2 2 Pyruvate  2 NADH  2 ATP Oxygen not required •  4 NADH • 1 FADH2  2 ATP Oxygen required  34 ATP

  31. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration breaks down into these major steps. • Glycolysis (anaerobic) • Krebs Cycle (aerobic) • Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)

  32. The first step of cellular respiration: glycolysis is the universal energy-releasing pathway. Glycolysis: the universal energy-releasing pathway

  33. 1. Glycolysis Glyco - glucose/sugar Lysis – to break • Makes ATP in all cells that use glucose for food • Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell • Energy in glucose bonds is captured in several steps • Each step is catalyzed by an enzyme • Energy is stored in chemical bonds of ATP, NADH and pyruvate • Oxygen is not required.

  34. A glucose molecule has bonds that that contain a lot of energy

  35. Pyruvate NADH ATP The energy of glucose bonds is stored in different chemicals in the cell Glycolysis – step by step breaking of glucose bonds

  36. Figure 4.29 step 1

  37. Figure 4.29 step 2

  38. Figure 4.30 step 1

  39. Figure 4.30 step 2

  40. Figure 4.30 step 3

  41. Figure 4.30 step 4

  42. In eukaryotic cells, respiration has three stages: 1. Glycolysis Glucose 2. Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvate 3. Electron Transport Chain NADH/FADH2 2 Pyruvate  2 NADH  2 ATP Oxygen not required •  4 NADH • 1 FADH2  2 ATP Oxygen required  34 ATP

  43. The second step of cellular respiration: the Krebs cycle extracts energy from sugar.

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