Grammar:

1. Grammar: A Way to think about language

2. 4 Level Analysis: Level 1: Parts of Speech Level 2: Parts of the sentence Level 3: Phrases Level 4: Clauses

3. There are 8 parts of speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Conjunction Preposition Interjection

4. Nouns: • A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea • They can be PROPER • This means they are capitalized and specific. • Examples: Prospect High School, Mrs. Joiner, The Bears, Macs, I Pods, etc.

5. More Nouns: • They can be COMMON: • EXAMPLES: school, woman, food, radio, tree, dog • ABSTRACT NOUNS ARE IDEAS AND FEELINGS • EXAMPLES: love, hate, war, beauty, anger, embarrassment, happiness • CONCRETE NOUNS ARE TANGIBLE. • Desk, chair, dog, cat, tree, person, coffee

6. STOP AND PRACTICE! Underline the nouns! Identify them as Proper or Common. 1. Eggworthy and Pennyworth both hate doing homework. Pennyworth prefers riding a unicycle around the neighborhood while wearing a red cape. Eggworthy would rather cook empanandas for his family that is visiting from Chile. Teachers at Prospect High School wish they could get the boys to turn their work in.

7. Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun The Noun that is replaced by the pronoun is the antecedent. There isn’t always an antecedent EX. Mrs. Joiner worked at her desk. Mrs. Joiner is the antecedent for the PRONOUN her.

8. COMMON SUBJECT PRONOUNS These pronouns will always act as the SUBJECT of the sentence: I You HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY These words will act as the subject of the sentence.

9. COMMON OBJECT PRONOUNS ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM These words will act as direct objects, indirect objects, or subject complements

10. Other common PRONOUNS to learn Me I You Our Who Whom Their Mine My

11. Stop and Practice! Underline the pronoun and Circle its antecedent 1. Eggworthy ate all of his food and my food too. Prunella bit Eggworthy on his hand. Because Eggworthy bit Prunella, she felt it would be okay to pinch his arm to get revenge. They made up and decided to eat doughnuts and cakes for most of the night. Both Eggworthy and Prunella felt better in the morning, but they didn’t want breakfast.

12. VERBS: Action and Linking • A VERB shows • Action • State of being • If it is a LINKING VERB, it links the subject of the sentence to its subject complement.

13. ACTION VERBS! Action verbs show ACTION You probably can imagine these verbs happening! Examples: Throw, yell, smile, create, jump, run, walk, trip EX. I walked around the classroom Walked is the action verb

14. Linking Verbs Linking verbs link a subject to its complement and tend to suggest state of being or feelings. EX. I am happy Am is a linking verb that links the subject “I” to the adjective “happy”.

15. Linking Verbs to Memorize! Am Is Was Were Be Being Been Seems Becomes Appears

16. STOP AND PRACTICE! Circle the action verbs, underline the linking verbs Ludwig and Ludmilla absolutely love the weather. Eggworthy ate fifteen buttery empanadas. Pennyworth is angry with Eggworthy because he ate them all. It is gorgeous in the fall. The milk turned bad about a week ago; Eggworthy drank it anyways. Prunella swept the dusty floor.

17. ADJECTIVES Adjectives are words that MODIFY(describe) nouns or pronouns. They answer these THREE QUESTIONS: WHAT KIND? WHICH ONE? HOW MANY?

18. STOP AND PRACTICE! Circle the adjectives. Eggworthy ate fifteen syrupy pancakes. Because it was raining, Pennyworth’s hair was stringy and wet. The bog was dark and foggy. Lazy Ludmilla and loud Ludwig were annoying neighbors. HINT: A, AN, and THE are always ADJECTIVES!!!!

19. ADVERBS • Adverbs are words that modify • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs • Adverbs answer these questions: • How? • When? • Where? • Why? • To what extent? • Under what conditions?

20. Adverbs Adverbs are like kisses. If you give out too many, they won’t mean anything! EX. I had a really really really fun time. 9 times out of 10, adverbs will end in –LY EX. Slowly, quickly, interestingly Common Adverbs that don’t follow that rule: Well, too, very, then, always, never, so, super

21. Stop and Practice! Underline the adverbs. Eggworthy, you should never swim alone! Pennyworth thought that class was very boring and too long. Prunella should arrive on Saturday. Ludmilla stacked the books neatly Eggworthy ad Prunella merrily hummed a tune while completing their chores. Pennyworth lazily swam in a circle while waiting for his sister.

22. Conjunctions CON means together JUNCT means join CONJUNCTIONS are words that join two words or two groups of words.

23. Conjunctions holding together two or more nouns: He ate eggs AND ham. I’ll get a cat, a dog, AND a snake.

24. Conjunctions holding together two or more verbs, adverbs, adjectives, or independent clauses VERBS: I’ll run AND jump. You can sink OR swim. ADV. And ADJ. The woods are lovely, dark, AND deep You need to walk quickly AND quietly INDEPENDENT CLAUSES I will go with him to the sore, AND we will buy groceries.

25. MEMOMORIZE THIS! The 7 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS FANBOYS F-FOR A-AND N-NOR B-BUT 0-OR Y-YET S-S0

26. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS LINK THE LESS IMPORTANT PART TO THE MORE IMPORTANT PART. WASBIT W-WHILE A-AS S-SINCE B-BECAUSE I-IF T-THOUGH

27. MORE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS TO MEMORIZE! • After • As if • Because • Even though • In order that • Rather than • That • Until • Where • While • Although • As long as • Before • If • Now that • Since • Though • When

28. And more…. • Whereas • As • As though • Even if • If only • Once • Than • Unless • Whenever • Wherever • Statements that begin with subordinating conjunctions cannot BE SENTENCES. The must be attached to INDEPENDENT CLAUSES. • EX. IF I went to the party • If if went to the party, I would have fun • As the night grew dark • As the night grew dark, we turned on the lights.

29. Stop and Practice! Underline the Coordinating Conjunctions. I went to the store, and I bought milk. Eggworthy grinned and laughed when he hear the good news It doesn’t matter if Prunella sings, or if Eggworthy dances. I will go to the party, but I will not bring Ludmilla.

30. Stop and Practice! Underline the subordinating conjunctions. If you bring me dinner, I will clean the dishes. As I walk to the store, be sure to clean the house. Since I will arrive first, move the other cars from the driveway NOW LOOK FOR BOTH If I get dinner, please clean the dishes, but don’t use the dishwasher.

31. Prepositions • A word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. • show relationships of time (before, during, after) • Show relationships of space (in, on, beside, around) • Show relationships of directions (to, from, toward) • Somewhere over the rainbow. . .

32. PREPOSITIONS! Prepositions show where things are located, compared to each other. The book is on the desk; the bag is underneath it. The file is in the computer! Prepositions give language geometry. The cylinder is inside the cube. The crash was before the boom.

33. PREPOSITIONS! Notice that prepositions are small and common, but powerful. To use the wrong preposition is to completely alter the meaning of an idea. There is a $1,000 check for you. There is a $1,000 check from you.

34. PREPOSITIONS! Never end a sentence with a preposition?? Well, we used to say that. We still disapprove of sentences like “Where are you at?” because the meaning of the preposition is incomplete.Correction: “Where are you, at home?” In other cases, most people consider a concluding preposition okay.“Who is that present for?” should technically be “For whom is this present?” but it sounds stuffy and inappropriately formal.

35. PREPOSITIONS AND THE BOX YOU COULD BE … OVER a box NEAR a box BY a box FROM a box FOR a box NEXT TO a box UNDER a box OVER a box

36. INTERJECTIONS! A word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function. JECT means throw INTER means between They do not join, or modify, or show relationships, or replace; they just throw (JECT) and exclamation in between (INTER) words in a sentence. Examples:oh, ugh, wow, yes, no, oops, yeah

37. LEVEL 1: Parts of Speech SPEEDY REVIEW: • Noun: name of a person, place, thing, or idea • Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun • Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they • Object pronouns, me, you, him, her, it, us, them • Verb: a word that shows action, being, or links a subject to its subject compliment • Adjective: a word that modifies a noun or pronoun • Articles: a, an, the • Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb • Preposition: shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence • Conjunction: a word that joins two words or two groups of words • Interjection: shows emotion but has no grammatical function