Wash inaugural

1. Wash inaugural

2. Qualities of Washington as Prez Firm Dignified Cautious Aware that he would set precedents Should not propose legislation

3. FIRST SUPREME COURT • President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court • 3 from North and 3 from South • Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

4. Washington's First Cabinet cabinet Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government • Department of State-----Foreign affairs • Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State • Department of Treasury---Financial affairs • Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury • Department of War-------------------Military affairs • Henry Knox----Secretary of War • Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs • Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice

5. HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON • Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially.

6. Objectives Proposals • Permanent Senate • Executive for life • Chosen indirectly by electors from states • Chosen from the economically superior • To pacify the people let them elect lower House • Create a unified nation • Centralized govt. with power to protect property and maintain order • Rich should be given a “distinct permanent share in govt

7. Report on Public Credit • Bind the wealthy to the govt by utilizing their own self-interest • Secure investment from abroad • How? • Call in outstanding bonds • Issue new interest-bearing bonds at full face • Creates a permanent debt

8. CustomDuties(Tariffs) ExciseTaxon Whiskey Misc.Revenue HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN • Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems: • Pay off $75.6 million debt • Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products • Tariff:a tax on imports • Establish good credit with foreign nations • Create a national bank with a national currency • Raise money for govt backed by gold silver Foreign Debt $11,710,000 National War Debt $42,414,000 State Debt $21,500,000 Compromise w/ TJ and Madison called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C.

10. “Assumption” of State Debts • Funded in same manner • Benefitted speculators, members of Congress, even Asst. Sec. of Treasury • Benefitted Northern states • Strengthens the national govt • What about original bond-holders??? • Let’s make a deal

11. Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Create a Bank of the United States • jointly owned by private stockholders and national govt • make loans to merchants • handle govt funds • issue bank notes

12. HAMILTON • Safe place to deposit and transfer money • Provide loans to government and state banks • A national currency---$$$$$ • An investment by people to buy stock into US bank • Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose construction of Constitution • National debt good for country • JEFFERSON • Against the Constitution • State banks would collapse • Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank then control the government • Hurt the common man • Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national bank. • Against a national debt BANK OF THE U.S. BUS

13. Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision • Northern Federalists supported Hamilton • Southern Federalists aligned w/ TJ and Madison • began to call themselves Democratic Republicans or Republicans

14. Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision • southern planters and western farmers • wage labor = no economic and political independence • vision of the independent yeoman farm family

15. “Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.”TJ in Notes in the State of VA (1785)

16. International division of labor • Our meat and grain would feed Europeans • Europeans manufacture in exchange clothing and other products

17. Turmoil in Europe brings TJ’s Vision Closer to Reality • 1793: Fighting b/w France and Britain • disrupts European farming • guess who becomes #1 supplier of wheat? • guess who experiences a boom in cotton exports?

18. Whiskey Rebellion whiskeymap Hamilton wanted additional revenue Excise tax on home grown whiskey Hamilton wanted frontiersmen to feel the authority of the govt

19. WHISKEY REBELLION • Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania. • Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax • Believed it was an unfair tax. • Were called the “Whiskey Rebels”

20. WHISKEY REBELLION Whiskey • Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution • Another Boston Tea Party? • Outcome: • Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, “mobocracy” • Showed the power of the national government President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

21. FRENCH REVOLUTION LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY French Rev • Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis • Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete • similar to King George • Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

22. FRENCH REVOLUTION LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY French Rev • Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in 1793. • Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded. • France goes to war against European kings • France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British • President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

23. WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain and the United Netherlands, of the one part and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.

24. WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH farewell neutrality I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition….April 1793 • President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid. • Why?

25. “Citizen” Genet • French rep. trying to recruit privateers (not pirates) • Washington orders Genet to stop • Genet ignores; Washington demanded his withdrawal • Girondins overthrown by Jacobins; Genet to be arrested as soon as he gets back • Genet asks for asylum

26. Conflicts with Britain and French • US traded with both • 1793: French and Brits seize 600 American ships • Dec: British seize 250 ships alone in West Indies. No warning • Impressed and imprisoned American sailors. • Jeffersonians called for war • Federalists resisted (financial system).

27. British forts on U.S. soil. Still haven’t removed troops and supplying Indians with weapons Disputed land claims with Spain..Cut off Mississippi River

28. Other British Provocations Conspire w/ McGillivary of the Creek to attack Southern frontier Atrocities Remember this for War of 1812 Andrew McGillivary

29. precedents • President Washington faced several Indian problems. • British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers.

30. War in the Old Northwest Territory Shawnee, Mingo and Miamis, led by Little Turtle scored early victories (1790–91) Defeated at Fallen Timbers by General Anthony Wayne (1794)

31. War in the Old Northwest Territory Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio • First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

32. Map 13 of 45

33. Jay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians. • Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier. Jays

34. IMPRESSMENT impressment Impressment: an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French were doing this to us.

35. Jay’s Treaty (1794) • Pay pre-Revolution debts • Submit claims for illegally seized goods • THEN, Brits to remove troops and Indian agents from NW • BUT NO MENTION OF ENDING IMPRESSMENT • Narrowly ratified • Angered pro-French Americans John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.

36. Consequences of Jay’s Treaty • Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity. • Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

37. Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in New Orleans. Picnkneys Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River, right of deposit at New Orleans (no duties) and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between Spanish Florida and US……

38. RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES Democratic-Republicans Federalist Beliefs Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams Thomas JeffersonJames Madison Leader Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored by seaboard cities Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored by the South and West Appealed to • Strong government over statesLoose Construction of Constitution • Implied powers • Wealthy and educated involved • Limit freedoms of speech & press • State’s rights over National Govt.Strict construction of Constitution • Expressed/Enumerated powers • Common man but educated • Bill of Rights is sacred • Lesser government the better Ideas of Government DomesticPolicy Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low ForeignPolicy Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

40. WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECH • political parties • permanent alliances • getting involved in European affairs • sectionalism “Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation….Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796

41. US ISOLATIONISM • Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the British and foreign continents • Remember he stated this also in 1793 with his Proclamation of Neutrality. • No entangling alliances…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to trade with Europe • Neutrality = Isolation

42. Election of 1796 • Federalists • John Adams/Pinkney • Republicans • TJ/Burr • Hamilton’s chicanery • Adams stubborn

45. Quasi War & XYZ Affair • 1797: French launch attacks on shipping and seize US vessels • Hamilton’s dogs urge Adams to press for war • Sends commission to France

46. XYZ Affair • To meet w/ Foreign Minister • 3 no-name operatives ask for $250,000 and a loan of several millions of $$$ • Adams makes it know to Congress • High Federalists war cry gets louder

47. A Professional Army? • Federalists want an army to crush dissent • GW to lead BUT only if Hamilton is 2nd in command • May 1798: Established Navy Department • Adams would not give Federalists what they wanted

48. Alien and Sedition Acts (Summer 1798) • To protect the ppl in time of crisis (or eliminate threat of the Republicans • Naturalization Law: 5-14 yrs • Alien Enemies Act • Alien Friends Act • Sedition Act • Enforcement left to federal courts

49. VA and Kentucky Resolutions • Last hope are the states • Kentucky Resolution • TJ • Compact b/w states • Nullification • VA Resolution • Madison • States to defend rights of ppl • But no 1 state could nullify federal law

50. Peace with France • Bonaparte signs Convention of 1800 (re-established commerce) • May 1800: fires Hamilton’s men; dismantles the army • Hamilton out to destroy Adams • A split Federalist Party limps to the Election of 1800 • Gangs of young Federalists and Republicans clash on the streets