Water

1. Water Resources, Management, Pollution

2. About Water * How old is water? - over 4 billion years - produced from outgassing of cooling rocks during the formation of Earth • Amount of water has not changed since this time

3. So, how much water is there? • Two types: fresh and salt • Need fresh water for drinking and for agriculture DEMO

4. The Water Cycle: “ations” • Condensation • Precipitation • Evaporation • Transpiration • Percolation • Respiration

5. The Water Cycle, cont.

6. Surface Water • Rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands = all freshwater • Large cities depend on surface water – transportation, industry, food, crops, drinking, leisure • River systems: Mississippi, Amazon, etc

7. Watersheds • An area of land drained by a river • Important because of runoff • Water in a watershed varies from year to year; weather dependent • Keep in mind only clean water (potable) is usable water

8. Watersheds, cont. • Text pp. 290-291 Group 1 = 1-5 Group 2 = 6-9, 19 Group 3 = 10-14 Group 4 = 15-20 Group 5 = 21-25 Group 6 = 26-30 Group 7 = 31-35

9. Watersheds, cont. • Sketch your watershed map using materials provided 20 • Find 2 tributaries 5 • Find 2 major cities 5 • Describe cultural aspects 5 • Put all information on your watershed map 5 • List websites where you found your information 5 • Work on-task 5

10. Groundwater • Most water available for human consumption cannot be seen • Precipitation leads to percolation which recharges the amount of available groundwater • The level at which the soil and rock underground becomes saturated is called the water table • Areas with high water tables are water rich – “Whitemarsh” * When the water table meets the surface, a spring develops

11. Groundwater, cont. • Aquifers are areas which hold water underground • They are important sources of water because of wells • Aquifers consist of gravel, rocks and soil • Porosity refers to the spaces between the rocks • Permeability refers to the ability of things to flow through the aquifer – sandstone, limestone

12. Groundwater, cont. • Keep in mind that as water is consumed, the water table drops which in turn makes well water unavailable • Keep in mind that buildings, pavements and parking lots prevent percolation and encourage run-off • Keep in mind that water pollution reduces the amount of available water in the water cycle • 10,000 years = amount of time it takes to fully recharge a given aquifer

15. Ogallala Aquifer: A Case Study • 292 text • Supplemental materials

16. Water Use and Management Picture this: you are traveling in the desert, and you run out of water – what can you do to get more? Let’s list all the ways we use water in our daily lives: *hygiene *drinking *cooking *cleaning *washing clothes *pets

17. Global Water Use • * We all live downstream • * More than 1 billion people lack access to clean water • * People use water for: agriculture, industry, themselves (residential) • * Globally, people differ in the way they use water

18. US Water Use • US water usage

19. Residential Use: Water Treatment • Water must be potable safe for human consumption Water treatment removes metals, chemicals, pathogens bacteria, parasites, viruses • Municipal water goes through a process of water treatment that is both physical and chemical • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truckeerivermap.png • http://www.tmwaacademy.com/images/animations/tmwa.html

20. Water Treatment, cont.

21. Water Treatment, cont.

22. Industrial Water Use • Manufacture of goods • Waste disposal • Power generation – cooling towers

23. Agricultural Water Use • 80 gallons water for 1 ear corn!!! EQUALS Irrigation – overhead not efficient due to evaporation; ditches and drip better

24. Water Management CANALS – man-made water diversion systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_Map_EN.png Ancient Aqueducts Modern Aqueducts

25. Management, cont. • Dams and Reservoirs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k Some negatives: flooding, buildup of sediment, fish

26. Conservation • Drip irrigation in agriculture • Recycling cooling water in industry in large plants, Denver pays small businesses to conserve water • Personal water diary – residential; xeriscaping

27. The Future of Water • Desalination – California, Israel, Erman • Tow water from other areas – Alaska to CA??? • Tow icebergs???

28. FYI: When Water is Scarcer Than Oil • * In the Middle East, countries depend largely on the Nile River for their water • * Desert regions, however, have large aquifers holding water several thousand years old • * When there is rain, sometimes the water table reaches the surface to make an oasis • * In some regions, wells often produce oil instead of water!!! • * Some political theorists say that the next major war in the ME will be over water, not oil

29. Water Pollution • Can I drink this water? • Tap • Spring • Well • Mountain stream • Lake • Drainage ditch after a heavy rain

30. Water Pollution, cont. • Definition – physical, chemical or biological agents that disrupt the quality of the water, or threaten the health of living things that depend on the water • Two major causes are: industrialization and rapid human population growth • There are two major sources of water pollution: point-source and non-point source

31. Point-Source Pollution • Pollution which comes from a single source, readily identifiable: septic tank leaks unlined landfills leaking underground storage tanks with chemicals abandoned mines industrial discharge wastewater treatment plants

32. Nonpoint-Source Pollution • Comes from many sources, difficult to identify • Road surfaces – de-icing roadways • Run-off from streets with litter, pet feces, gasoline • Pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers • Livestock waste • Precipitation that is polluted from the air • Soil run-off from farms and construction sites

33. Table 5, page 306 • There are 6 categories of pollutants and their sources • Learn them • 10 minutes study • 5 minutes quiz

34. Wastewater Treatment • Wastewater is water that leaves your home, or industry, that is cleaned and treated before it re-enters waterways such as rivers or streams • Your drinking water then goes through water treatment (you know this already) before it is piped back to your home • http://www.rcap.org/animations/index.html

35. Wastewater Treatment, Overview

36. Types of Water Pollution • Artificial eutrophication • Thermal pollution • Groundwater pollution • Ocean pollution

37. Artificial Eutrophication • Eutrophication = the condition of freshwater systems having an overabundance of nutrients or organic matter (leaves, animal waste) • This is a natural process; decay involves microorganisms using oxygen to break down waste • More nutrients can sometimes be a good thing – plants will grow in the bottom of the waterway and eventually the lake becomes a swamp • This process becomes unnatural(artificial) with the addition of excess nitrates and phosphates from detergents and fertilizers • This inevitably ends in an algal bloom, then a dead waterway

38. Thermal Pollution • An increase in the temperature of a waterway, even a degree or two, can cause a fish kill • The solubility of oxygen decreases as the water temperature increases • Temperature increases can be blamed on discharge water from industry/power plants

39. Groundwater Pollution Grou • Sources include pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, petroleum products, leaking underground storage tanks • Extremely difficult to clean up: debris clings to aquifer materials, recharge takes thousands of years, large dispersion areas

40. Ocean Pollution • Dumping • Toxic waste run-off from land • Only 5% of oil found in oceans is from spills; the rest comes from run-off (non-point) • Currently the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 is the largest spill in the petroleum history, greater than the Exxon Valdez in 1989

41. Biomagnification

42. The Law!!! The Clean Water Act was passed in 1972 and has been modified several times Its original intent was to ensure that waters were “boatable, swmmable and fishable”