Russia during the Early Modern Age

1. Russia during the Early Modern Age 1450-1750

2. Serfdom: The Major Source of the Russian Economy • Had to pay extensive tribute to Mongols until independent • Trade and manufacturing decreased • Dependent on peasant labor • Rise of serfdom • Landlords could levy taxes • Serfdom grew as Russia expanded • Produced grain to be sold to the West *Act of 1649- fixed hereditary status for serfs

3. Trading • Trading connections with Asia • Ivan the IV allowed British merchants to create ports in Russia • Sold fur and other raw materials • Peter the Great visited the major manufacturing cities of the West • Established a port on the East coast of the Baltic sea • Produced grain to be sold to the West (greatest export) • Traded fur with Central Asia

4. Russia Under the Romanovs

5. Ivan the Great Ivan III (a.k.a. Ivan the Great) • Claimed succession from the Rurik dynasty and from the old Kievan days • Freed part of Russia after 1462 • Patronized Orthodox Christianity • In 1480, freed Moscow from the Mongols and conquered the Polish Lithuanian kingdom • Labeled the empire as “tsar” • Recruited peasants called Cossack to go to newly conquered land

6. Ivan the Great

7. Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV (a.k.a. Ivan the Terrible) -Expansionism -Emphasized tsarist autocracy -Killed boyars (Russian nobles)

8. Peter the Great • Built up tsarist control • Expansionism • Interested in altering the Russian economy and culture with Westernization • Traveled to the West in order to seek Western science and technology • Allied with Western states against the Turks in a crusade • Specially trained military • Chancery of Secret Police- stop bureaucracy from corruption • New capital at St. Petersburg

9. Achievements of Peter the Great Selective Westernization! Political: a. stream line the bureaucratic system; Established senate; Got rid of Patriarchate (noble councils) b. improve army’s weapons; created army c. Appointed provincial governors d. Town councils & magistrates e. Training institutes for the bureaucracy and officers • Codify Russian laws *Westernization was only used to encourage the autocratic state and NOT to provide new political ideas*

10. Economic: Internal self reliance (not for global trade) Built metallurgical and mining industries Iron holdings contributed to shipbuilding Socially: Gave more freedom to upper-class women More education in math and technology Western fashion and fads Ballet was imported from the West and became a cultural icon in Russia Focus was on the upper class women and not the masses /peasantry class.

12. Catherine the Great • Peter the Great died in 1724 • Army officers fought for power • Peter III became the tsar and married Catherine, a German-born princess • Put down peasant uprisings due to serfdom • Combined Enlightenment ideals with Russian aristocratic ideas…despot??? • Commissioned new laws that used Western ideas • Less severe punishments

13. Catherine the Great • Gave nobles more control over their serfs • Patronized Western art and architecture • Sent children to schools in the West • Censored Russian intellectuals (Alexander Radishev) who sought Western political reforms • Campaigned against Ottomans and gained the Crimea • Partition of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria Exploration: • Gained territories in central Asia • Colonized Siberia • Gained Alaska

14. Russian Society • Boyars- Russian nobles • Russian landlords adopted Mongol dress and social habits • Women gained more freedom and were allowed to go to public events • The status of women remained unchanged among peasants because they were not effected by westernization • Male nobles had to shave their beards off because they were a sign of Mongol domination • Russians were urged to move to newly conquered lands, where they formed their own regional administration • Multicultural empire

15. Russian Society • Nobles gained more power over serfs • -Ennobled officials chosen by tsars • -Gained new power to punish their serfs • -Treat serfs like property (slaves?) • -Could levy taxes of money and goods • Pugachev Rebellion- peasant uprising that led to the extended powers of central government into regional politics • Serfdom became hereditary • No artisan class (artists were imported from Western Europe) • Small merchant groups because trade was mostly controlled by Westerners

16. Pugachev Rebellion 1773-75 • Led by EmelianPugachev • Political dissatisfaction resulted in rebellion. • Promised to: • end to serfdom • End taxation • End military conscript • Abolition of land aristocracy

17. Christianity under the Russians • Russian Orthodox still the primary religion • Catherine the Great converted to Russian Orthodox • Alexis Romanov gained new power over the church by getting rid of the superstitions and problems created by the Mongols • State controlled Church • Religious conservatives called Old Believers sought religious freedom in Siberia and Southern Russia • Christmas trees imported from Germany • Muslim minority were observed by the government • Muslims not forced to integrate into Russian culture

18. Theories and Education: A Noble Practice • “Seditious” writings of liberals or democrats were banned • Peter the Great built garrison schools for the children of soldiers • Peter the Great simplified the alphabet and changed the calendar • Catherine the Great built the Hermitage Museum • Statue for Schools- every town had some sort of schooling • Catherine the Great patronized the creation of a small-pox vaccine • Catherine the Great patronized the first College of Medicine • Western-inspired radicals

19. Arts and Architecture: West and Russian Combined Westernization began under Peter the Great • Ballet imported from France • Italian artists and architects build churches that combined Renaissance styles with Russian architecture • Ornate, onion-shaped domes Catherine the Great patronized the art and architecture of the West • Little motivation to improve technology because any excess was taken by the landlord • Traditional agricultural methods

20. Various Trademark Buildings Hermitage Museum built by Catherine the Great Cathedral of St. Basil built under Ivan IV

21. Italian Architecture in Russia Rococo Winter Palace and the Smolny Cathedral built by the Italian architect Rastrelli

22. Bolognese Architecture in Russia Cathedral of the Dormition built by Aristotle Fioravanti, an Italian architect

23. Trading and Manufacturing: On a Small Scale • Peter the Great created companies that controlled factories and workshops • Catherine the Great built the first School of Mines • Mined silver • Built and repaired roads and bridges • Primary exports: hemp, leather, furs, cloth, linen, timer, and iron • Imported silks, cottons, tea, silver, and tobacco from China

24. Serfdom: The Major Source of the Russian Economy • Peasants paid high taxes • Serfs owed labor for farming, mining, and manufacturing • Sufficient revenue to support Russia Catherine the Great sought new farmers in foreign newspapers Catherine the Great encouraged new methods to breed sheep and cattle Social unrest due to serfdom