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Intro to Science

Intro to Science. SCIENCE!!!. From Latin scientia, meaning “KNOWLEDGE” Body of knowledge about nature Study of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. EXPLORE NATURE and DISCOVER order within it!. Science Around the WORLD. Examples:

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Intro to Science

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  1. Intro to Science

  2. SCIENCE!!! • From Latin scientia, meaning “KNOWLEDGE” • Body of knowledge about nature • Study of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. • EXPLORE NATURE and DISCOVER order within it!

  3. Science Around the WORLD • Examples: • Ancient Greeks: • Earth is round & why stars move • Botany (study of plants) • Chinese: • The compass & rockets • Arabs: • Made paper, glass, metals • Italian – Galileo Galilei • Earth orbits (circles) the Sun

  4. The Scientific Method – A Classic Tool

  5. The Scientific Method • Definition: An orderly method for gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge • Galileo Galilei & Francis Bacon clearly stated a special method for doing sciences

  6. Galileo Galilei • 16th century Italian physicist who used experiments – not just reasoning and observation – to test the popular notion of Earth being the center of the universe • He tried to teach others that the Sun is the center but people did not believe him, he was even arrested

  7. The Scientific Method • The Steps: • Observe • Question • Hypothesize • Predict • Test Predictions - EXPERIMENT • Draw Conclusion

  8. 1) Observe • Closely observe the physical world around you

  9. 2) Question • Recognize a question or a problem

  10. 3) Hypothesize • A scientific hypothesis is an educated guess of what you think will happen. It is testable. • Must, at least in principle, be capable of being proven wrong • If there is no test for possible wrongness, then the hypothesis is not scientific • Albert Einstein stated, “No number of experiments can prove me right, but a single experiment can prove me wrong.”

  11. 4) Predict • Scientists use what they know to make predictions about whether their hypothesis is correct. • Ex: You drop your science book on your foot

  12. 5) Test Predictions • DO EXPERIMENTS to see if the consequences you predicted are present

  13. 6) Draw a Conclusion • Make the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings

  14. Example • Step 1: Make observations • Example: I am sick with a stomachache. • Step 2: Develop a hypothesis • Example: I am sick due to the spoiled food I at for lunch. • Step 3: Test hypothesis through experiments • Example: Ask others who ate the same food for lunch if they got sick.

  15. Example Cont’d • Step 4: Develop a law • Law: Summarizes the outcome of several experiments that occur repeatedly and consistently. • Example: The spoiled food served at lunch makes people sick with a stomachache. • Step 5: Develop a theory • Theory: Explanation for a why a law exists. • Example: It is the bacteria in the spoiled food that makes people ill.

  16. Law & Fact • LAW– This is a statement of fact meant to describe, an action or set of actions. • Scientific phenomenon always happens if certain conditions are present • Ex: Newton’s Laws of Motion • FACT - Something that is agreed upon competent observers to be true

  17. Theory • System of ideas intended to explain something • When hypothesis passes the test of many experiments becomes theory • NOT fixed • EVOLVE (May change as more experiments are performed) • Grow stronger & more precise as they evolve to include new information • EX: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

  18. VocabularyFlashcards (index cards) • Science • Scientific method • Hypothesis • Law • Fact • Theory • Integrated science

  19. Write an Experiment: Bubble Gum • Observe: write an observation • Question: what is the question you are asking about blowing bubbles with bubble gum • Hypothesize & Predict: write a hypothesis and prediction of what the out come will be and WHY • Experiment: list MATERIALS, PRODCEDURE (steps) & how you will measure (ex: ruler, string), DATA TABLE (to be filled in) • Draw conclusion: write a summary of your results (what did you find, why do you think you got the results you did), list any errors, & any questions you still have

  20. Controlled Experiment • An experiment in which only one variable is tested at a time • 3 types of Variables: • Independent • Dependent • Controlled • Groups: Experimental & Control • Ex: You want to test the effects of using FERTILIZER on your flowers

  21. Independent Variable • Part of the experiment that is changed by scientist • “I change the Independent variable.” • Ex: the FERTILIZER

  22. Dependent Variable • The change that is observed • Should change because of the independent variable • What is measured in the experiment • Ex: growth of flowers (how tall or how many)

  23. Controlled Variable • Variable the scientist does NOT want to change are controlled • Same conditions for both groups • Ex: water, sunlight, location

  24. Experimental group • The group being tested using the independent variable • Ex: the flowers WITH the fertilizer

  25. Control group • The group without the independent variable. Used to compare to experimental group • Ex: the flowers WITHOUT the fertilizer

  26. Types of Observations • Qualitative • Quantitative

  27. Qualitative • QUALITY • Characteristics that you see, smell, touch, hear • Color, texture, shape, scent, sound • Ex: There are a bunch of flowers blooming. They are pink in color, round in shape, and soft to the touch.

  28. Quantitative • QUANTITY – measure exactly • Things that are precisely measured – record a NUMBER!!! • Weigh on scale, measure with ruler, measuring cup • Ex: There are seven flowers. They have a diameter of 1.5 centimeters

  29. Vocabulary Flashcards • Controlled experiment • Experimental group • Control group • Independent variable • Dependent variable • Controlled variable • Qualitative • Quantitative

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