University of Ballarat DIPLOMA OF BUILDING DESIGN (ARCHITECTURAL) Materials FEBRUARY - MARCH 2009

1. University of BallaratDIPLOMA OF BUILDING DESIGN (ARCHITECTURAL)MaterialsFEBRUARY - MARCH 2009

2. Facilitator • My name is Richard Sapwell I have 30 years experience in building design • Have operated my own building design firm for 18 years • Have been accredited in building thermal performance assessment for 6 years and participated in pilot programs for FirstRate5, AccuRate and now the Householder Sustainability Assessments programs • Facilitated FirstRate5 and Home Sustainable Assessor training here at the University

3. Concrete

4. Unit outline • Analyse characteristics of construction materials • Evaluate materials for their suitability for building projects • Recommend suitable materials

5. Analyse characteristics of construction materials • Manufacturing processes of a range of construction materials is researched to establish limitations of practical application • Quality standards and performance of materials are investigated for adherence to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), legislative requirements and the suitability for types of structures

6. Analyse characteristics of construction materials • Materials are analysed to determine their application with regard to substructure, fixings, coatings or finishes, specific construction systems, visual effects and compatibility. • Manufacturing/conversion tolerances are detailed, including 'building in' tolerances to determine their impact on material properties

7. Analyse characteristics of construction materials • Relevant information is recorded in a suitable format for future reference

8. Materials and manufacture • On its own, concrete is very strong in compression (when it is being squashed) but very weak in tension (when it is being stretched)

9. Materials and manufacture The components are: • cement • fine aggregate • coarse aggregate • water

10. General-purpose cement The classifications are: • Type GP—general-purpose Portland cement; • Type GB—general-purpose blended cement

11. Special-purpose cement • Type HE—high early strength cement • Type LH—low-heat cement • Type SR—sulphate-resisting cement • Type SL—shrinkage-limited cement These cements may be Portland cement or blended cement that complies with the requirements set out in AS 3972—1997, Table 1

12. Fine aggregate (sand) Some types of sand available for concrete work are: • pit sand • river sand • beach sand • crusher fines

13. Coarse aggregate • This consists of crushed rock such as basalt, granite, diorite, quartzite and the harder types of limestone • Special types of coarse aggregate, such as blast furnace slag, expanded shale and clay, may also be used

14. Coarse aggregate A good coarse aggregate would be: • dense and hard, not brittle • durable and chemically inert • clean, with no silt, clay or salt • rough and of various sizes over 5 mm • non-porous to help prevent water penetration of the finished concrete

15. Coarse aggregate • The average size of coarse aggregate for general domestic work would be up to 20 mm • for most structural building construction up to 75 mm • and for massive structures, like dams, up to 150 mm

16. Water As a guide, water that is • suitable to drink, or potable water, is recommended for concrete mixing

17. Reinforcement Basically, reinforcement is hot-rolled and/or tensile steel. It is used for its good tensile and shear properties which, combined with the good compressive properties of concrete, form a strong, versatile material with many positive characteristics.

18. Reinforcement Basically, reinforcement is hot-rolled and/or tensile steel. It is used for its good tensile and shear properties which, combined with the good compressive properties of concrete, form a strong, versatile material with many positive characteristics

19. Reinforcement Reinforcement is useful to counteract the various stresses applied to members • Shear • Tension • Compression • Torsion

20. Shear Failure may be vertical, horizontal or diagonal

21. Tension Occurs when a member is stretched or bent and the surface cracks or splits

22. Compression Occurs when a member is stretched or bent and the surface cracks or splits

23. Torsion Occurs when a member has forces applied on opposite sides at each end and tends to twist like a propeller

24. Water:cement ratio • the single most important factor relating to the end result of the mix

25. Enviro-Cement The key advantages of Enviro-Cement are: • Excellent performance for waste utilisation and immobilisation • Long term pH control and ideal levels • Carbonation self terminates other than in permeable materials (Eco-Cements) • Less or no bleed water • Lower cost for performance • Less corrosive, pollutants etc.

26. Enviro-Cement • More forgiving of poor workmanship • Improved durability and performance • Reduced permeability and greater density • Greater resistance to sulphate and chloride • Greater freeze-thaw resistance • Improved rheology • Easier placement • Reduced dimensional change including shrinkage • Reduced cracking, improved crack control • Reduced efflorescence

27. Eco-Cement The key advantages of Eco-Cement are: • Improved durability and performance • Greater resistance to sulphate and chloride • Reduced corrosion of steel and other reinforcing • Reduced delayed reactions • Delayed hydration of dead burned lime and other minerals • Reduced delayed reactions • Delayed hydration of dead burned lime and other minerals • Reduced alkali aggregate and delayed ettringite reactions

28. Eco-Cement • Higher tolerance of a wider range of aggregate material • Greater freeze-thaw resistance • Reduced alkali aggregate and delayed ettringite reactions • Higher tolerance of a wider range of aggregate material • Potentially lower cost • Carbon sequestration and waste utilisation on a massive scale • No expensive additives required • More forgiving of poor workmanship

29. Eco-Cement The key advantages of Eco-Cement are: • Improved rheology • Greater workability • Reduced dimensional change including shrinkage • Reduced cracking, improved crack control • Better bonding (e.g. to brick and tiles) • Greater fire resistance • Reduced efflorescence • Excellent performance for waste utilisation and immobilisation

30. Types of concrete • Reinforced • Prestressed • No-fines concrete • Structural lightweight concrete • Foamed concrete • Water resistant concrete • Air-entrained concrete • Coloured concrete

31. Reinforcement bar types

32. Fabric reinforcement

33. Eureka Pre-mix 1207 Latrobe Street Delacombe Sovereign Concrete Products 192 Ring Road Wendouree excursions

34. Pre-mixed concrete The plant control centre Ready-mix plant

35. Commercial projects Residential projects

36. Concrete homes Architect: Richard Szklarz Architects Pty Ltd, Location: 71/73 Rowland Street, Subiaco, Perth Architect: de Campo Architects Location: Toorak, Victoria

37. Glass

38. Windows • Windows glass – http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_glass • Windows frames – http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_frames

39. Windows • Windows glass – http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_glass • Windows frames – http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_frames

40. Windows glazing in an insulated building can account for: • 80% of summer heat gain • 40% of winter heat loss

41. Windows glazingtransfers heat by: • conduction though the glass and frame • convection – air movement over surfaces • infiltration – air leakage through gaps • solar radiation through the glass • emittance of absorbed heat

42. Windows glazing has multiple components: • glass, frame, seals • performance is described: • for individual elements • ( glass values, frame values ) • or • systemperformance • ( glazing unit as a whole )

43. Windows frames • can have a disproportionate impact on window conductance, e.g.: • single glazing (U-value 5.9) • standard aluminium frame (U-value 12.7) • frame area of 17% • a third of the total heat flow will be through the frame

44. Windows Frame fraction • system performancedepends on the “vision area” or “frame fraction”: • the ratio of glass to frame • frame fraction varies according to: • frame section dimensions • overall dimensions

45. Windows Frame fraction • If the frame is less conductive than the glass ( e.g. timber frame / single clear glass ) increasing the frame fraction reduces the system conductance ( better performance ) • If the frame is more conductive ( e.g. aluminium frame / single clear glass) increasing the frame fraction increases the system conductance ( lower performance )

46. Windows Frame fraction • If the frame is less conductive than the glass ( e.g. timber frame / single clear glass ) increasing the frame fraction reduces the system conductance ( better performance ) • If the frame is more conductive ( e.g. aluminium frame / single clear glass) increasing the frame fraction increases the system conductance ( lower performance )

47. Windows • Conductance defined by U-value of: • individual elements ( frame or glass ) • system ( complete unit )

48. Windows Conductance through frames reduced by: • slim profile – less area for heat transfer • timber or PVC – lower conductivity • aluminium with thermal break

49. Windows Conductance through glazing reduced by surface and cavity resistance: • emissivity of surfaces • number of surfaces • thickness of cavity • fill (e.g. argon in cavity)

50. Windows Conductance: indicative system U-values