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Solar Energy Challenges and Opportunities

Solar Energy Challenges and Opportunities George Crabtree Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory with Nathan Lewis, Caltech Arthur Nozik, NREL Michael Wasielewski, Northwestern Paul Alivisatos, UC-Berkeley Preview Grand energy challenge

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Solar Energy Challenges and Opportunities

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  1. Solar EnergyChallenges and Opportunities George Crabtree Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory with Nathan Lewis, Caltech Arthur Nozik, NREL Michael Wasielewski, Northwestern Paul Alivisatos, UC-Berkeley

  2. Preview Grand energy challenge - double demand by 2050, triple demand by 2100 Sunlight is a singular energy resource - capacity, environmental impact, geo-political security Breakthrough research directions for mature solar energy - solar electric - solar fuels - solar thermal

  3. 2100: 40-50 TW 2050: 25-30 TW 25.00 World Energy Demand total 20.00 15.00 TW industrial 10.00 developing 50 US 5.00 World Fuel Mix 2001 oil ee/fsu 40 0.00 1970 1990 2010 2030 30 coal % gas 20 renew nucl 10 0 85% fossil World Energy Demand energy gap ~ 14 TW by 2050 ~ 33 TW by 2100 EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998

  4. World Oil Production 2037 50 Bbbl/yr 2016 40 2% demand growth ultimate recovery: 3000 Bbbl 30 20 10 2100 2000 2050 1900 1950 Fossil: Supply and Security When Will Production Peak? production peak demand exceeds supply price increases geo-political restrictions gas: beyond oil coal: > 200 yrs EIA: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/ presentations/long_term_supply/index.htm R. Kerr, Science 310, 1106 (2005) World Oil Reserves/Consumption 2001 uneven distribution  insecure access OPEC: Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, and Indonesia http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2004/fcvt_fotw336.shtml

  5. CO2 (ppmv) 325 CH4 (ppmv) Relaxation time transport of CO2 or heat to deep ocean: 400 - 1000 years CO2 in 2004: 380 ppmv 300 800 -- CO2 -- CH4 --T 275 + 4 700 250 0 T relative to present (°C) 225 600 200 - 4 500 175 400 - 8 1.5 380 -- CO2 -- Global Mean Temp 300 360 1.0 100 400 200 300 0 340 Thousands of years before present (Ky BP) 0.5 320 Temperature (°C) Atmospheric CO2 (ppmv) 0 300 - 0.5 280 260 - 1.0 240 - 1.5 1000 2000 1200 1800 1600 1400 Year AD Fossil: Climate Change Climate Change 2001: T he Scientific Basis, Fig 2.22 J. R. Petit et al, Nature 399, 429, 1999 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 http://www.ipcc.ch N. Oreskes, Science 306, 1686, 2004 D. A. Stainforth et al, Nature 433, 403, 2005

  6. The Energy Alternatives Fossil Nuclear Renewable Fusion energy gap ~ 14 TW by 2050 ~ 33 TW by 2100 10 TW = 10,000 1 GW power plants 1 new power plant/day for 27 years no single solution diversity of energy sources required

  7. Renewable Energy energy gap ~ 14 TW by 2050 ~ 33 TW by 2100 Wind 2-4 TW extractable Solar 1.2 x 105 TW on Earth’s surface 36,000 TW on land (world) 2,200 TW on land (US) Biomass 5-7 TW gross (world) 0.29% efficiency for all cultivatable land not used for food Tide/Ocean Currents 2 TW gross Hydroelectric 4.6 TW gross (world) 1.6 TW technically feasible 0.6 TW installed capacity 0.33 gross (US) Geothermal 9.7 TW gross (world) 0.6 TW gross (US) (small fraction technically feasible)

  8. Solar Thermal Solar Fuel Solar Electric e- H2O CO2 O2 h+ sugar CO2 H2O H2, CH4 CH3OH N N H O2 H N C H N O N N C H 3 ~ 14 TW additional energy by 2050 Solar Energy Utilization 500 - 3000 °C heat engines electricity generation process heat 50 - 200 °C space, water heating natural photosynthesis artificial photosynthesis .0002 TW PV (world) .00003 TW PV (US) $0.30/kWh w/o storage 1.4 TW biomass (world) 0.2 TW biomass sustainable (world) 0.006 TW (world) 11 TW fossil fuel (present use) 1.5 TW electricity (world) $0.03-$0.06/kWh (fossil) 2 TW space and water heating (world)

  9. Charge To identify basic research needs and opportunities in solar electric, fuels, thermal and related areas, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential for significant impact in science and technologies. April 21-24, 2005 BES Workshop on Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization Workshop Chair: Nathan Lewis, Caltech Co-chair: George Crabtree, Argonne Panel Chairs Arthur Nozik, NREL: Solar Electric Mike Wasielewski, NU: Solar Fuel Paul Alivisatos, UC-Berkeley: Solar Thermal Topics Photovoltaics Photoelectrochemistry Bio-inspired Photochemistry Natural Photosynthetic Systems Photocatalytic Reactions Bio Fuels Heat Conversion & Utilization Elementary Processes Materials Synthesis New Tools Plenary Speakers Pat Dehmer, DOE/BES Nathan Lewis, Caltech Jeff Mazer, DOE/EERE Marty Hoffert, NYU Tom Feist, GE 200 participants universities, national labs, industry US, Europe, Asia EERE, SC, BES

  10. Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy • The Sun is a singular solution to our future energy needs • - capacity dwarfs fossil, nuclear, wind . . . • - sunlight delivers more energy in one hour • than the earth uses in one year • - free of greenhouse gases and pollutants • - secure from geo-political constraints • Enormous gap between our tiny use • of solar energy and its immense potential • - Incremental advances in today’s technology • will not bridge the gap • - Conceptual breakthroughs are needed that come • only from high risk-high payoff basic research • Interdisciplinary research is required • physics, chemistry, biology, materials, nanoscience • Basic and applied science should couple seamlessly http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/abstracts.html#SEU

  11. Solar Energy Challenges Solar electric Solar fuels Solar thermal Cross-cutting research

  12. Solar Electric • Despite 30-40% growth rate in installation, photovoltaics generate less than 0.02% of world electricity (2001) less than 0.002% of world total energy (2001) • Decrease cost/watt by a factor 10 - 25 to be competitive with fossil electricity (without storage) • Find effective method for storage of photovoltaic-generated electricity

  13. Thermodynamic limit at 1 sun $0.10/Wp $0.20/Wp $0.50/Wp 100 80 60 Efficiency % $1.00/Wp 40 Shockley - Queisser limit: single junction 20 $3.50/Wp 400 200 500 100 300 Cost $/m2 competitive electric power: $0.40/Wp = $0.02/kWh competitive primary power: $0.20/Wp = $0.01/kWh assuming no cost for storage Cost of Solar Electric Power I: bulk Si II: thin film dye-sensitized organic III: next generation module cost only double for balance of system

  14. lost to heat 3 V Eg 3 I hot carriers rich variety of new physical phenomena challenge: understand and implement Revolutionary Photovoltaics: 50% Efficient Solar Cells • present technology: 32% limit for • single junction • one exciton per photon • relaxation to band edge nanoscale formats multiple excitons per photon multiple junctions multiple gaps

  15. O ) n ( O Organic Photovoltaics: Plastic Photocells polymer donor MDMO-PPV fullerene acceptor PCBM donor-acceptor junction opportunities inexpensive materials, conformal coating, self-assembling fabrication, wide choice of molecular structures, “cheap solar paint” challenges low efficiency (2-5%), high defect density, low mobility, full absorption spectrum, nanostructured architecture

  16. Solar Energy Challenges Solar electric Solar fuels Solar thermal Cross-cutting research

  17. Solar Fuels: Solving the Storage Problem • Biomass inefficient: too much land area. Increase efficiency 5 - 10 times • Designer plants and bacteria for designer fuels: H2, CH4, methanol and ethanol • Develop artificial photosynthesis

  18. chlamydomonas moewusii 10 µ Leveraging Photosynthesis for Efficient Energy Production • photosynthesis converts ~ 100 TW of sunlight to sugars: nature’s fuel • low efficiency (< 1%) requires too much land area Modify the biochemistry of plants and bacteria - improve efficiency by a factor of 5–10 - produce a convenient fuel methanol, ethanol, H2, CH4 hydrogenase 2H+ + 2e- H2 switchgrass • Scientific Challenges • understand and modify genetically controlled biochemistry that limits growth • elucidate plant cell wall structure and its efficient conversion to ethanol or other fuels • capture high efficiency early steps of photosynthesis to produce fuels like ethanol and H2 • modify bacteria to more efficiently produce fuels • improved catalysts for biofuels production

  19. Smart Matrices for Solar Fuel Production • Biology: protein structures dynamically control energy and charge flow • Smart matrices: adapt biological paradigm to artificial systems smart matrices carry energy and charge photosystem II • Scientific Challenges • engineer tailored active environments with bio-inspired components • novel experiments to characterize the coupling among matrix, charge, and energy • multi-scale theory of charge and energy transfer by molecular assemblies • design electronic and structural pathways for efficient formation of solar fuels

  20. O2 H2 - + Efficient Solar Water Splitting demonstrated efficiencies 10-18% in laboratory • Scientific Challenges • cheap materials that are robust in water • catalysts for the redox reactions at each electrode • nanoscale architecture for electron excitation  transfer  reaction

  21. new catalysts targeted for H2, CH4, methanol and ethanol are needed oxidation reduction 2 H2O CO2 4e- Cat Cat HCOOH CH3OH H2, CH4 O2 4H+ Solar-Powered Catalysts for Fuel Formation “uphill” reactions enabled by sunlight simple reactants, complex products spatial-temporal manipulation of electrons, protons, geometry multi-electron transfer coordinated proton transfer bond rearrangement Prototype Water Splitting Catalyst

  22. Solar Energy Challenges Solar electric Solar fuels Solar thermal Cross-cutting research

  23. space heat mechanical motion fuel electricity heat process heat Solar Thermal • heat is the first link in our existing energy networks • solar heat replaces combustion heat from fossil fuels • solar steam turbines currently produce the lowest cost solar electricity • challenges: new uses for solar heat store solar heat for later distribution

  24. concentrated solar power concentrated solar power fossil fuels gas, oil, coal Solar Reactor MxOy xM + y/2 O2 1/2 O2 MxOy M Solar Gasification Solar Reforming Solar Decomposition Hydrolyser xM + yH2O  MxOy +yH2 H2 H2O CO2 , C Sequestration MxOy Solar H2 Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production high-temperature hydrogen generation500 °C - 3000 °C Scientific Challengeshigh temperature reaction kinetics of - metal oxide decomposition - fossil fuel chemistryrobust chemical reactor designs and materials A. Streinfeld, Solar Energy, 78,603 (2005)

  25. 2.5 PbTe/PbSe superlattice Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 superlattice LAST-18 AgPb18SbTe20 1.5 Zn4Sb3 ZT TAGS SiGe LaFe3CoSb12 CsBi4Te6 0.5 PbTe Bi2Te3 Temperature (K) R T 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 Thermoelectric Conversion thermal gradient  electricity figure of merit: ZT ~ (/) T ZT ~ 3: efficiency ~ heat engines no moving parts Scientific Challenges increase electrical conductivity decrease thermal conductivity nanowire superlattice nanoscale architectures interfaces block heat transport confinement tunes density of states doping adjusts Fermi level Mercouri Kanatzidis

  26. Solar Energy Challenges Solar electric Solar fuels Solar thermal Cross-cutting research

  27. Molecular Self-Assembly at All Length Scales The major cost of solar energy conversion is materials fabricationSelf-assembly is a route to cheap, efficient, functional production physical biological Scientific Challenges- innovative architectures for coupling light-harvesting, redox, and catalytic components- understanding electronic and molecular interactions responsible for self-assembly- understanding the reactivity of hybrid molecular materials on many length scales

  28. Defect Tolerance and Self-repair the water splitting protein in Photosystem II is replaced every hour! • Understand defect formation in photovoltaic materials and self-repair mechanisms in photosynthesis • Achieve defect tolerance and active self-repair in solar energy conversion devices, enabling 20–30 year operation

  29. TiO2 nanocrystals adsorbed quantum dots liquid electrolyte N Solar energy is interdisciplinary nanoscience Nanoscience manipulation of photons, electrons, and molecules artificial photosynthesis natural photosynthesis nanostructured thermoelectrics quantum dot solar cells nanoscale architectures top-down lithography bottom-up self-assembly multi-scale integration characterization scanning probes electrons, neutrons, x-rays smaller length and time scales theory and modeling multi-node computer clusters density functional theory 10 000 atom assemblies

  30. Perspective The Energy Challenge ~ 14 TW additional energy by 2050 ~ 33 TW additional energy by 2100 13 TW in 2004 Solar Potential 125,000 TW at earth’s surface 36,000 TW on land (world) 2,200 TW on land (US) Breakthrough basic research needed Solar energy is a young science - spurred by 1970s energy crises - fossil energy science spurred by industrial revolution - 1750s solar energy horizon is distant and unexplored

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