Stockholm Environment Institute

1. Stockholm Environment Institute Bridging science and policy Johan Rockström Executive Director

2. SEI bridges science and policy • Independent, international research institute • Established by the Swedish Government 1989 • Headquarters in Stockholm • Supports decision making in the field of sustainable development

3. Stockholm Environment Institute

4. SEI Board Kerstin Niblaeus Chair of the SEI Board Monthip S. TabucanonInspector GeneralThai Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Johan RockströmExecutive Director Stockholm Environment Institute Stockholm Resilience Centre Jim SkeaResearch Director UK Energy Research Centre Youba SokonaExecutive Secretary of the Sahara and Sahel Observatory Angela Cropper Co-founder and President of The Cropper Foundation Deputy Director of UNEP Lidia BritoAssistant Professor in Wood Science and Technology at Eduardo Mondlane University Sukaina BharawaniSEI staff representativeResearch on poverty and vulnerability scenarios Lena EkMember of the European Parliament John SchellnhuberDirector of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Carl FolkeDirector of the Beijer Institute Science Director Stockholm Resilience Centre Ulla-Britt Fräjdin-HellqvistFräjdin & Hellqvist AB Patrick BükerSEI staff representativeResearch focuses on the impacts of air pollution

5. SEI Board Research Themes Managing Environmental Systems Lisa Emberson, Elisabeth Kvarnström, David Purkey Reducing Climate Risk Richard Klein, Lisa Schipper, Sivan Kartha Transforming Governance Åsa Greger Swartling, Neil Powell, Bharwani Sukaina Rethinking Development Eric-Kemp Benedict, Kaja Peterson, Roelich Katy Executive Team Johan Rockström, Executive Director Måns Nilsson, Deputy Director Research Johan KuylenstiernaSE, Dep. Director Operations, CD SEI Stockholm Lailai Li, Deputy Director Policy impacts, CD SEI Asia Bob Stetina,Head of Finances Ylva Rylander, Head of Communications Research Centers Centre Directors SEI Africa,Anders Arvidsson SEI Asia,Lailai Li SEI US,Charlie Heaps SEI York,Johan Kuylenstierna UK SEI Oxford,Ruth Butterfield SEI Tallinn, Tea Nõmmann SEI Stockholm, Johan Kuylenstierna SE Steering Committee Centre Directors, Themeleaders and Executive Team

6. SEI research themes • Reducing Climate Risk • Managing Environmental Systems • Transforming Governance • Rethinking Development

7. EcoSanRes

8. Triple-Green Investigating synergy effects of improved nutrient, soil and water management in Niger Productivesanitation Conservation agriculture Water harvesting

9. Model developed by SEI • Used for a study quoted by The New York Times • Showing water scarcity in the US

10. Flagship initiatives • Integrated Sustainable Sanitation • The Green-Blue Water Initiative in the Blue Nile Basin • Co-Benefits in Addressing Climate Change, Development and Air Pollution • From Global Scenarios to Practical Policies for Transformation and Development • African Knowledge Platform for Bioresources Assessment and Policy Support • Sustainable Pathways to Attaining the Millennium Development Goals

11. Towards a Coherent Swedish Response to International Agricultural Development under the mandate of the Policy for Global Development (PGD)

12. SIANI agriculture matters Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative Lecture on Agricultural Production in Developing Countries for CEMUS - Urban Agriculture, Permaculture and Local Food Systems, Center for Environment and Development Studies (CSD), Uppsala University, June 7th, 2011

13. 1. An independent, multi-stakeholder platform for government, civil society, private sector, research and education sectors • 2. A network aiming to connect Swedish actors to international policy processes related to agriculture as driver of change in economic growth and poverty alleviation, food security, climate change and sustainable development. What is SIANI? agriculture matters melinda.sundell@sei.se www.siani.se

14. How does it work? agriculture matters • Financed by Sida • Hosted by Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) • Guided by an Advisory Group independent of both Sida and SEI (13 members; 3 academia, 2 private sector, 4 government and 4 NGO/Civil Society) • Coordinated by a Secretariat (2.5 tjänster + interns) • Responsive to member input and initiative www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se

15. Potential Subject Matter Areas agriculture matters melinda.sundell@sei.se www.siani.se

16. What does SIANI do? agriculture matters • Organises and facilitatesseminars and workshops • Facilitates expert groups and issuebased clusters • Synthesizes the understanding of specificissues in the form of policy briefs and conceptnotes • Implementsstrategicinitiatives at request of government institutions • Facilitatesdialogues, includingmember to membercontact on the websitedatabase www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se

17. THANK YOU! OBRIGADA! ASENTENI! Melinda Sundell, Coordinator Email: melinda.sundell@sei.se Mob: +46 (0)73 707 8613 Olivia Taghioff, Project Officer Email:olivia.taghioff@sei.se Mob: +46 (0)73 460 7693 Benita Forsman, Member Services Email: benita.forsman@sei.se agriculture matters

18. Background agriculture matters • Agricultural Economist with over 35 yearsexperience in managing private and public sectororganizations; research and consulting • Long term (>5 years) resident of Sweden, USA, Nicaragua &Tanzania • Resident (1-5 years) Ethiopia & Mozambique; Consultant in 11 othercountries in Africa & Latin America • Mother of 4, Grandmother of 2(evidenceof successfullogistics & team building) • Currently: Senior Research Fellow and Project Coordinator for Swedish International Network Initiative (SIANI) based at Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se

19. Somethemesselected by your courseorganizers for today’slecture: • Globalised food production and distribution systems, what works and doesn’t work • The effect of market forces and government policies on agricultural production • How local producers in developing, and developed, countries perceive the global food system • The effect of consumer demand and food preferences • My personal opinion of the role of urban agriculture and local food systems in future food security

20. PrioritizationCriteria • What is important to understand • What I havesomeexperience with • What is possible to cover in a two hour session where the lecturer is not be the onlyone who speaks

21. The effect of market forces and government policy on agriculturalproduction • Agricultural production from market and policy perspective is a business; agriculture is not gardening and should be efficient • In the 70’s & 80’s the statesought to replace the market in manydevelopingcountries; developedcountriessettled for heavy regulation • Obviouseconomicinefficiency and the ”impact of failure” backed up by international money led to the call for ”structuraladjustment” whichdid not always stop at adjustment

22. Governmentpolicies • Cheapfood for the urban areas • Development is the move from land-basedproduction to industry and services • Export incomesbring in muchneededhardcurrency • Agriculture is not aboutfood or nourishment; it is aboutfood, feed, fiber and fuelproducts

23. WDR 2008 – Turning point for Agricultural Policy? • While 75 percent of the world’s poor live in rural areas in developing countries, a mere 4 percent of official development assistance goes to agriculture. • In Sub-Saharan Africa, a region heavily reliant on agriculture for overall growth, public spending for farming is also only 4 percent of total government spending and the sector is still taxed at relatively high levels. • For the poorest people, GDP growth originating in agriculture is about four times more effective in raising incomes of extremely poor people than GDP growth originating outside the sector. FOOD SECURITY??

24. The Agenda for Urbanized Countries • Include smallholders in the new food markets, which requires, among other instruments, greater access to land and skills for the new agriculture. • Improve productivity in subsistence agriculture and provide social assistance, together with payments for environmental services to create incentives for conservation. • Follow a territorial approach to promote the rural nonfarm economy and enhance skills to give access to the jobs and investment opportunities offered by growth of the rural nonfarm economy.

25. White Paper 2009: Eliminating World Poverty: Building Our Common Future Page 28: We will: support agriculture and food security, through the new Global Partnership for Agriculture Food Security and Nutrition, doubling our support to agricultural research, delivering £1 billion of commitments, and more funding for partnerships with business. Agriculture– the ‘best bets’ DFID’s five year investment in agriculture research will be used to develop ‘best bets’, the innovations with the greatest potential to lift poor people out of poverty, and to getting these into widespread use. Best bets include: • tackling new pests which attack staple crops, such as virulent wheat • rust and cassava viruses. This will cost £20 million but could help protect almost three billion people who depend on these crops for their food. • breeding drought-resistance maize for Africa. This will cost up to £60 million but will help 320 million farmers in Africa who are affected by drought and will indirectly benefit many more likely to be affected by climate change. • improving the vitamin content of staple crops. To develop these crops and get them into widespread use will cost around £80 million but it has the potential to help improve the nutrition of up to 670 million of the poorest people, many of them children.

26. Howlocalproducers in developingcountriesperceive the global food system • Manysmallholders in Africa have no conception of a global food system • Mostfood is produced and consumedlocally and this is traditionally an economicindicator of underdevelopment

27. Nicaraguan Coffee Exports to Sweden; a success story • Agricultural program in an area with agricultural potential, not just extreme poverty • Good market/product match • Production systems wherelarge and small are interdependent, the fabric of rural life • Support at all levels (Govt, Donor, Business)

28. The effect of consumerdemand and foodpreferences • Food preferences are learned and canprovedifficult to unlearn, even in the face of information • Eating is not scientificallyfueling the human body, it is an emotional activity above all • The best entrypoint for enlightenedfoodchoices is with parents of youngchildren • Boycottsonlyfunction with items that caneasily be foregone or substituted

29. Globalised food production and distribution systems, what works and doesn’t work . . . • Whatworksdepends on who you are. . . • Economicallyspeaking, the globalisedfoodproductionworks, it satisfieseffectivedemand with calories • Globalisedfoodproductionpushes the issue of traceability, and the morecomplicated the valuechain, the moredifficult this is • Globalisedalsoincreases the vulnerability of bothproducer and consumer

30. My personal opinion of the role of urban agriculture and local food systems in future food security. . . • Urban ”agriculture” willneverproducefood in enoughvolume to be economicallysignificant for mostcrops • Agricultural methods with limited land resources is important in povertyreduction • In spite of itscomplementaryrole to rural agriculture, urban agriculturecan play a vital role in sensitivizing normal people to the complexity of biologicalproduction and the qualitypossible in freshproduce