A History of Publishing

1. 3500 BC Sumerian Clay Tablets Sumerians use cuneiform alphabet, pressed in clay with a triangular stylus. Clay tablets were dried and/or fired for longevity. Some even had clay envelopes, which were also inscribed. Some consider them to be the earliest form of the book. 2400 BC Papyrus Date of the earliest surviving papyrus scroll with writing. 1041 Movable Type The earliest known movable type machine is created in China.

2. 1456 Gutenberg Gutenberg printed his 42-line Bible in Mainz on the first printing press. He also used a quality of handmade paper which remains unsurpassed to this day. 1457 Color Printing Color printing first appears. 1626 Facsimile The first facsimile edition by Plantin, 16th century Martyrologium Hieronymianum (engraved on copper plates). 1800 Library of Congress Library of Congress founded in Washington D.C. 1841 Tauchnitz First paperbacks by Tauchnitz Verlag Germany. 1874 Remington Christopher Sholes invents the typewriter, which is marketed by Remington. 1935 Book Burning Nazis initiate a campaign of book burning. 1945 Vannavar Bush Futurist Vannavar Bush dreams of a "Memex," which allows an individual to store all his books, records, and communications, and is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged supplement to his memory. His vision will result in developments leading to the World Wide Web. 1968 Hypertext Ted Nelson coins the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" for non-sequential writings and branching presentations of all types. 1968 DynaBook Postgraduate student Alan Kay develops the idea for DynaBook, a portable, interactive personal computer, as accessible as a book.

3. 1971 Project Gutenberg A movement that began at the Illinois Benedictine College aimed at collecting as many texts as possible in electronic format. Now freely available over the Internet, the texts range from simple works in the public domain to larger, copyrighted books. 1974 The Lucifer Chip Introduced by IBM, the chip served as the foundation of the Data Encryption Standard, an algorithm used by the government and industry in order to encrypt important data and phone conversations. 1976 Ink Jet Ink-jet printing announced by IBM. 1977 Theorynet Theorynet is created at the University of Wisconsin, providing electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science. 1981 Personal Computers IBM introduces the Personal Computer. 1981 Project Xanadu Ted Nelson forms the Xanadu team, who plan on creating a "connected literature" of richly formatted text and images accessible cheaply, reliably, and securely from anywhere in the world. 1983 Pop Up The pop-up book, "The Human Body," is printed by Viking Press. 1984 CD-ROM Parke Lightbown builds a computer application that runs from a computer-based version of the compact disc, previously used exclusively for music recordings. He also instigates a standards effort among the major industry players. 1984 Macintosh Macintosh computers are introduced into the marketplace and with it the field of desktop publishing. 1984 FSFnet An online magazine featuring short science fiction and fantasy stories arises on BITNET from the University of Maine. Renamed DargonZine in 1988, FSFnet was posted on AOL and

4. Delphi in 1994, and uploaded to the Internet in 1995. After fourteen years, it remains the oldest electronic magazine in publication. 1990 World Wide Web WWW developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, Geneva, Switzerland. 2009Amazon Publishing Amazon Publishing (simply APub) is Amazon.com's book publishing unit launched in 2009. It is composed of 15 imprints including AmazonEncore, AmazonCrossing, Montlake Romance, Thomas & Mercer, 47North, TOPPLE Books. Amazon publishes ebooks via its Kindle Direct Publishing subsidiary. Julian Arhire is a success coach, trainer, Certified Master of Web Copywriting and founder of http://EbooksChoice.com/. Julian is a prolific writer and Infopreneur having written many ebooks, articles and special reports. Keywords: learning, good instruction, educational