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ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING

ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING. LECTURE OUTLINE. Introduction: Etics and Emics of Child-rearing Etics: Parental-Acceptance-Rejection Theory (Rohner) * PAR model * How PAR is studied * Key issues * PAR and personality * PAR and coping * Consequences of PAR

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ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING

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  1. ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING

  2. LECTURE OUTLINE • Introduction: Etics and Emics of Child-rearing • Etics: Parental-Acceptance-Rejection Theory (Rohner) * PAR model * How PAR is studied * Key issues * PAR and personality * PAR and coping * Consequences of PAR *Evaluation of PAR

  3. Lecture Outline (cont) • Emics: Amae * The anatomy of dependence (Doi) * Yamaguichi’s theorizing on amae * Conceptual elaboration and ecological validity * Amae and dependence * Amae and attachment

  4. Lecture Outline (cont) • Emics: Filial piety (Ho) *Characteristics * Measurement * Determinants * Filial attitudes and behaviours * Filial piety, child-rearing and psychological outcomes

  5. Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory

  6. Convergence of Methodologies Case Study Comparative Holocultural

  7. Convergence of Methodologies

  8. PAR ITEMSMy mother….. • Pays no attention to me • Enjoys having me around • Sees me as a big nuisance • Hugs and kisses me when I am good • Yells at me when she is angry

  9. Subtheories • Personality subtheory What happens to children who perceive themselvees to be loved or unloved by their parents? To what extent do these effects extend into adulthood and old age? • Coping subtheory Why do some children and adults cope more effectively than others with the experiences of childhood rejection? • Sociocultural subtheory Why are some parents warm, loving, and accepting and others cold, aggressive, neglecting, and recjeting? how is the total fabric of a society, as well as the behaviour and beliefs or people within the society, affected by the fact that most parents in that societz tend to either accept or reject their children?

  10. PAR and Personality • Emotional need for positive response is a powerful motivator in children • Parental rejection leads to hostility, aggression, impaired self esteem, emotional unresponsiveness and instability

  11. PAR and Coping

  12. Consequences of Parental Rejection • Depression • Behavioural problems • Substance abuse

  13. PAR and Mental Health Outcomes

  14. Evaluation of PAR • Almost 2000 empirical studies since the 1930s • Convergence of results across methods, cultures and over time • Approximately 25% of the variance in adolescent and adult adjustment accounted for by PAR

  15. How to understand Japanese… The typical psychology of a given nation can only be learned through familiarity with its native language. The language comprises everything which is intrinsic to the soul of a nation, and, therefore, provides the best projective test there is for each nation. Doi

  16. Clarifying Amae (Yamaguchi) • Amae: the presumption of indulgence, which involves an acceptance of inappropriate behaviour • Elaboration of amae • Amae and dependence • Amae and attachment

  17. Filial Piety • Guiding principle governing patterns of socialisation • Prescribes how children should behave towards parents • Justifies parental authority over children • Demands obedience, honour and respect

  18. Filial Piety: Measures • Moral dilemmas (e.g. Lee, 1974) 1. Material benefits to parents 2. Emotional and spiritual support for parents 3. Care, love and obedience in parent-child relationships 4. Mutual care and love in relationships 5. Actualizing ethical ideals. • Psychometric scales e.g. Filial Piety Scale by \Ho and Lee (1974)

  19. Filial Piety: Determinants • Education • Age • Gender • Socio-economic status • Nationality • Continuities and departures form tradition To which extent are filial attitudes reflected in filial behaviour?

  20. Filial Piety, Child-rearing and Psychological Outcomes • Authoritarian moralism (Ho, 1993) • Cognitive conservatism (Greenwald, 1980)

  21. Research evidence consistently points to negative psychological consequences of filial piety from a contemporary perspective on human development. Ho (1996, p. 165)

  22. Concluding Questions • What are the positive and negative consequences of filial piety? • Can Amae be studied across cultures? • Is PAR a convincing etic theory? Why?

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