Organic Compounds and their Role in Living Things

1. Chapter 3 Section 1 – Carbon Compounds • Section 1 Notes

2. Standards • 1.2-Distinguish among the structure and function of the four major organic macromolecules found in living things. • You should be able to: • Describe proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) by writing about: • what foods contain them. • drawing their organic molecules. • how they function in the body (what they do in the body to help it work)

3. Organic Compounds • Carbon forms the “skeleton” of most molecules in living things. • Carbon has 4 electrons that will bond to 4 other electrons from other elements. This allows it to make lots of combinations. • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are made primarily from carbon atoms. They are found in things that were once living or are now living. • Fossil fuels are organic compounds – they are decayed trees, algaes in ponds, swamp plants

4. Carbon molecule names • A carbon molecule made of one unit is called a MONOMER • A carbon molecule made of more than one unit is called a POLYMER. • Large polymers are called MACROMOLECULES.

5. WORDS YOU MUST LEARN • MONO means “one”. • POLY means “many”. • HYDRO means “water”. • LYSIS means “to break apart”. • TRI means “three”. • DI means “two”

6. Quick review • 1. What is special about the carbon atom? • 2. What organisms contain carbon? • 3. What does the prefix “di” mean? • 4. What does the prefix “tri” mean? • 5. A polyatomic molecule would have how many atoms? • 6. A hydroelectric dam would get electricity from what source? 8

7. Drawing organic molecules • Organic molecules are drawn with lines representing the hydrogen bonds that link the electrons together. • Sometimes there are two lines because there are two electrons that bond together in each atom. Oxygen (O2) is an example. These are called double bonds. • It can share three bonds as well. These are triple bonds.

8. Pay attention to the variety of shapes the carbon atoms can create because of the 4 electrons 10

9. Atoms in groups • Organic compounds are groups of atoms in chains. • These groups are called FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. • The atoms that are in the chain determine how the chain attaches to others. (their Function!) • Functional groups control the chemicalreactions in cells because they can only bond (attach) in certain ways.

10. Functional groups phosphate

14. Hydroxyl 13

15. Carbonyl 14

16. Amino 15

17. Phosphate 16

20. Carboxyl 17

21. 5 functional groups • Hydroxl • Carboxl • Amino • Phosphate • Carbonyl • YOU MUST KNOW THESE BY SIGHT> • MAKE FLASHCARDS TO STUDY pg. 52

22. Quick check • Draw • 1. Carboxyl • 2. Carbonyl • 3. Phosphate • 4. Hydroxyl • 5. Amino 19

23. Identify – the macromolecule called a carbohydrate • Carbohydrates have which atoms in them? • C (Carbon) • H (Hydrogen) • O (Oxygen) • EXAMPLES in FOOD: glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, galactose 20

25. A New Name for Sugar: Saccharide • EXAMPLES in FOOD: glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, galactose • THESE ARE KNOWN AS • SACCHARIDES

26. Glucose has a basic one ringstructure It has 6 sides 21

27. "ONE SUGAR" • WHAT would "ONE SUGAR" be called in biology???????? • The word for one is ________. • The word for sugar is___________. • So the new word for one sugar is • ______________________________.

28. Fructose is the other "simple", one ring sugar It has 5 sides 23

29. What kind of sugar is fructose? • Hint: it has ONE SUGAR • MONOSACCHARIDE

30. Glucose + Fructose = SucroseThis is a disaccharidedi = two Sucrose See how two sugars are attached? 24

31. Review 25

32. How do we draw them?

33. These are what molecules?What is different? Same? Isomers of glucose Isomers of fructose 22

34. ISOMERS • Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are the THREE MONOSACCHARIDE SUGARS. • Monosaccharide sugars are also called “simple sugars”. • The monosaccharide sugars have a special property: Their CHO atoms always make molecules with numerical ratios of 1:2:1 Example: C6H12O6, C12H24O12

35. ISOMERS • Even though the monosaccharides are different shapes, they still have the same number of CHO molecules. • They are simply arranged differently. • ISOMERS are compounds with the same chemical formula, but a different chemical stucture.

36. Review • What is an isomer?

37. Review: What is this? First – identify the molecule sugar Now, it is a polymer – long chains Your choices: a. lipid or b. cellulose 26

38. How do you make polymers? • You put monomers together, of course! • They are attached by hydrogen bonds in a chemical reaction called a CONDENSATION REACTION. • The reason it is called this is because a water molecule is released when the bond is formed (and water formation is called condensation). • This happens because one of the monomers will release a H and one will release an OH to form the bond between them.

39. How do you break a polymer apart? • Water is added to a polymer and the polar water will cause the bonds to break. • Adding water is called HYDROLYSIS. • The polar water pulls apart with the broken monomers. • One pulled apart monomer takes the H and the other one takes the H. • That leaves monomers.

40. Breaking and making bonds is critical for survival • The breaking of bonds is how you get your body heat. • The breaking of bonds is how you get the energy you use to function every second of your life. • The making of bonds must be done in order for them to be broken! • Breaking the bonds releases energy. • Making bonds stores the energy.

41. ATP is the ENERGY Molecule • ATP = adenosine triphosphate • How many phosphate groups does it have? • The bonds between the functional groups BREAK and release energy. • ATP changes to ADP then to ATP then to ADP etc. • ADP is adenosine diphosphate. • When the bonds break, energy is released. • When the bonds re-assemble, energy is used. So more energy must be made than used at all times. • ENERGY IS STORED IN UNBROKEN BONDS

42. Review • What does ADP stand for? • How many phosphate groups are in it? • How does ATP create energy? • How does ATP regain it energy?

43. HW • Page 54 • 1,2,3,6,10