Blood and the Lymphatic System

1. 11 Blood and the Lymphatic System

2. Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Define and spell the word parts used to create medical terms for blood and the lymphatic system • Identify the organs of blood and the lymphatic system and describe their structure and function

3. Learning Objectives (cont.) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Define common medical terms used for blood and the lymphatic system • Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices for blood and the lymphatic system

4. Blood and the Lymphatics Blood is normally found only in the cardiovascular system, and its primary function is transport Another type of fluid, known as lymph, also transports substances throughout the body and is found in the lymphatic vessels

5. Blood and the Lymphatics (cont.) The two fluids are intertwined because lymph is formed from blood and because blood and lymph both carry white blood cells

6. Prefixes ana- = up, toward, apart homo- = same iso- = equal macro- = large micro- = small pro- = before

7. Combining Forms aden/o = gland aut/o = self bacteri/o = bacteria blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell chromat/o = color

8. Combining Forms (cont.) erythr/o = red fung/o = fungus hem/o, hemat/o = blood immun/o = exempt; immunity

9. Combining Forms (cont.) leuk/o = white lymph/o = clear water, fluid mon/o = one myel/o = bone marrow (also means spinal cord, medulla, myelin) nucle/o = kernel, nucleus

10. Combining Forms (cont.) path/o = disease plas/o = change poikil/o = irregular septic/o = putrefying splen/o = spleen

11. Combining Forms (cont.) staphyl/o = grape-like clusters; Staphylococcus strept/o = twisted or gnarled; Streptococcus therm/o = heat

12. Combining Forms (cont.) thromb/o = clot thym/o = wart-like; thymus gland tox/o, toxic/o = poison vir/o = virus

13. Suffixes -crit = to separate -cyte = cell -emia, -hemia = condition of blood -globin = globe-like protein -lysis = to dissolve, loosen -osis = condition of

14. Suffixes (cont.) -penia = abnormal reduction in number, deficiency -pexy = surgical fixation, suspension -phil, -philia = loving, affinity for

15. Suffixes (cont.) -phylaxis = protection -poiesis = formation -stasis = standing still -therapy = treatment

16. Anatomy and Physiology Some of the circulating blood does not return to the bloodstream but returns to the lymphatic vessels instead The lymphatic vessels channel the fluid, known as lymph, back into the cardiovascular system Before the lymph reaches the cardiovascular system it passes through numerous lymphatic organs

17. Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) The lymphatic organs contain millions of white blood cells that filter the lymph by removing bacteria and other unwanted materials The white blood cells are the functional components of the immune response that serve to defend against viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and nonliving substances that may cause disease

18. Blood The blood transports materials throughout the body via the cardiovascular system It consists of a watery fluid and a combination of several types of formed elements that are suspended in the fluid The fluid part of the blood is called plasma

19. Figure 11.1 A blood smear

20. Blood (cont.) Plasma is slightly thicker than water and is thickened by the presence of dissolved proteins These proteins give plasma a yellow color One of these proteins, fibrinogen, begins the blood clotting process The removal of fibrinogen from a blood sample produces serum

21. Blood (cont.) The formed elements that are carried along in the plasma current include three types Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Platelets

22. Red Blood Cells Also called erythrocytes The most abundant cells, numbering about 4,200,000 to 6,200,000 per cc in adults Are produced from precursor cells, called stem cells, in the red bone marrow during the process known as hematopoiesis

23. Red Blood Cells (cont.) Each cell is filled with the protein hemoglobin Contains iron

24. Figure 11.2 Hematopoiesis

25. Figure 11.3 Red blood cells

26. Platelets Platelets or thrombocytes are the second most abundant formed elements in blood Smaller than RBCs, they range between 150,000 and 360,000 cells per cc of blood Prevent fluid loss that would otherwise follow an injury by releasing proteins in a process, known as coagulation, which results in the formation of blood clots

27. Figure 11.4 Saturated red blood cells Source: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

28. Figure 11.5 A blood clot

29. White Blood Cells Also called leukocytes, they are the fewest cells in a normal sample of blood Role is to protect the body from infectious microorganisms and other foreign, unwanted materials

30. White Blood Cells (cont.) Several types of WBCs exist in the blood Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes T cells and B cells Neutrophils Monocytes

31. The Lymphatic System Closely related to the blood and its circulation Plays a key role in protecting the body against infection Includes a series of vessels that carry a fluid through the body

32. The Lymphatic System (cont.) This fluid, known as lymph, flows in a one-way direction toward the heart, rather than in a circulatory loop Lymph originates when interstitial fluid finds its way into lymphatic capillaries The lymph then flows into larger lymphatic vessels which are similar in structure to veins and often course alongside them

33. The Lymphatic System (cont.) The lymphatic vessels deliver lymph into larger channels called lymphatic trunks The largest lymphatic trunk is known as the thoracic duct

34. Figure 11.6 Macrophage

35. The Lymphatic System (cont.) As lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels, it is channeled through small organs called lymph nodes The lymph nodes contain millions of WBCs that remove foreign materials from the lymph as it passes through them

36. The Lymphatic System (cont.) Other organs of the lymphatic system that protect against infection include the Spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules

37. The Immune Response The human body is continuously exposed to harmful substances, such as Pathogenic microorganisms, poisonous molecules, foreign particles, and dying or diseased cells

38. The Immune Response (cont.) Pathogenic microorganisms, or pathogens, are disease-causing agents that include Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and worm-like organisms

39. Figure 11.7 The lymphatic system

40. The Immune Response (cont.) • Pathogens may cause harm by destroying cells or releasing poisonous substances that interfere with the cell function • These harmful substances are called toxins • Pathogens, toxins, and other harmful particles can severely disrupt health if left unchecked by the body’s defenses • An immunological disease resulting from a pathogen is called an infection

41. Word Roots bacteri = bacteria cyt = cell erythr = red hem,hemat = blood immun = exempt, immunity lymph = clear water or fluid

42. Word Roots (cont.) path = disease thromb = clot thym = wart-like, thymus gland tox = poison

43. Figure 11.8 Pathogens

44. Other Important Terms Antibody Antigen Basophil B cell Blood clot Coagulation Fibrinogen Neutrophil Phagocytosis Plasma Platelets Serum Spleen T cell Thoracic duct Tonsils

45. Medical Terms Hematology The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related disease Hematologist or hematopathologist A physician specializing in the treatment of diseases associated with the blood

46. Medical Terms (cont.) Immunology The field of medicine that focuses on immunological diseases Sub-disciplines include virology, bacteriology, and toxicology

47. Symptoms and Signs Anisocytosis Presence of red blood cells of unequal size Bacteremia Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream Erythropenia Abnormally reduced number of red blood cells Hemolysis Rupture of the red blood cell membrane

48. Symptoms and Signs (cont.) Hemorrhage Loss of blood from the circulation Macrocytosis Abnormally large-sized red blood cells Poikilocytosis Large, irregularly-shaped red blood cells

49. Symptoms and Signs (cont.) Polycythemia Abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood Splenomegaly Abnormal enlargement of the spleen Toxemia Presence of toxins in the bloodstream

50. Diseases and Disorders AIDS The acronym for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which disables the immune response by destroying mainly helper T cells (needed for activation of B cells); the loss of immune function allows opportunistic infections to proliferate and eventually cause death