1 / 36

EISENHOWER IN THE WHITE HOUSE

EISENHOWER IN THE WHITE HOUSE. ELECTION OF 1952 Fear of communism is very strong in the early 50’s and the nation is ready for a change. REPUBLICANS: Dwight D. Eisenhower, P DEMOCRATS: Richard M. Nixon, VP Adlai Stevenson the “Checkers speech” No real chance:

odeda
Download Presentation

EISENHOWER IN THE WHITE HOUSE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. EISENHOWER IN THE WHITE HOUSE

  2. ELECTION OF1952 Fear of communism is very strong in the early 50’s and the nation is ready for a change. REPUBLICANS: Dwight D. Eisenhower, PDEMOCRATS: Richard M. Nixon, VPAdlai Stevenson the “Checkers speech”No realchance: “Time for a Change!” “I Like Ike” tried to defend Promised to end Korean War, Truman & be tough on communism & Ike announced end corruption in gov’t plan to go Nixon serves as attack dog to Korea Capitalized on war hero, NATO, TV ads Landslide! - 442 to 89 electoral votes

  3. EISENHOWER’S STYLE: Very popular! Liked to work behind the scenes. - relied heavily on his cabinet – became a true advisory board - administration became known as the “hidden hand presidency” What are the advantages & disadvantages to this type of leadership? • DYNAMIC CONSERVATISM = • Small Government • MODERN REPUBLICANISM: • To slow the growth of the federal gov’t: • Cutting spending, reducing taxes, • balancing budget

  4. Eisenhower’s administration steered a very middle of the road course -- Liberal with individuals; conservative with their money • Eisenhower & the Economy: • 50’s growth due to consumer credit / advertising • Lowers Truman’s defense spending • On business & labor: • minimal business regulation..... • big business / many mergers • union growth slow; AFL-CIO merge; Teamsters • corruption • Eisenhower & the New Deal Programs: • debate was over how much larger they should become • Social Security & unemployment increased • Dept. of HEW created; Sec. condemns Salk vaccine

  5. Operation “Wetback”: • A million illegal Mexican immigrants sent back • Didn’t want to undercut program of legally imported farmworkers begun in WWII • In 1959: • Alaska becomes the 49th State • Hawaii becomes the 50th State

  6. DOMESTIC PROGRAMS IN RESPONSE TO COLD WAR: • NASA established in response to Soviet success with Sputnik in 1957 • U.S. Mercury I, 1958 • EDUCATION – National Defense Education Act • Math, Science stressed • AP PROGRAMS; College Loans • Interstate Highway System – why? • Nuclear Arms race: • US – Hydrogen Bomb, ‘52; Soviets –’53 • US Policy – Deterrence; conventional air power • Soviets - long-range ICBMs

  7. IKE’S HEALTH & THE 25TH AMENDMENT • Ike’s health problems were an issue in election of ’56 & led to the 25th amend-ment on Presidential Disability: • If P dies, resigns, retires, VP moves up • If VP office vacant, P appoints a new VP • If P going to be unable to carry out duties, tells Congress & VP becomes acting P 4. If P unable to inform Congress & is unable to carry out duties, VP & Cabinet go to Congress & have VP appointed as acting P

  8. Brown v. Bd. of Education, Topeka, KS, 1954 – Reverses Plessy v. FergusonThurgood Marshall(center) CIVIL RIGHTS: Jim Crow still rules South • Only 20%/less were registered to vote • Emmett Till, 1955 Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier in sports, 1947 Ike: did not complete Truman’s integration of military & did not believe racial equality could be achieved by government action Ike’s biggest contribution: appointing C.J. Earl Warren

  9. THE LITTLE ROCK 9 Issue is forced integration of 9 black students into Little Rock’s Central High Gov. Faubus mobilized National Guard to prevent Little Rock 9 from entering the school / town mob Pres. Eisenhower federalizes National Guard/sends paratroopers to escort the 9 in – soldier bodyguards remain Ike sets up permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations and authorizes injunctions to protect voting rights

  10. CRITICISMSOF IKE: • Criticized for lack of attention to civil rights • Civil Rights Bill of 1957 is mildest one possible • What did it provide? • Criticized for not doing enough to protect natural resources • What else?

  11. IKE & FOREIGN POLICY • KOREA: • Armistice in Korea in ’53 after threat of nuclear weapons • Also, Stalin died in ’53 & Khrushchev wants to end war also • US losses – 54,000 • Chinese & Korean losses – over a million

  12. NEW LOOK POLICY • Sec. of State John Foster Dulles • Containment is insufficient – promised “Massive Retaliation and Liberation” • Need to prevent small wars from happening by threat of nuclear weapons • “New Look” in defense policy – no large conventional army; buildup of nuclear deterrents instead • Gives U.S. more “bang for the buck” • “Brinkmanship” • willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down • Problems?

  13. Hungarian Revolt, 1956“New Look” is too massive to use in small incidents

  14. THE SHAH OF IRAN, MOHAMMED REZA PAHLEVI, COURTESY OF THE CIA & 1953 COUP U.S. secured oil for the West, but bought resentment from Iran

  15. SUEZ CRISIS, 1956 EISENHOWER DOCTRINE?

  16. SOVIET-AMERICAN VISITATIONS 1959 • The Kitchen Debate • VP Nixon & Soviet Premier Khrushchev • Khrushchev attempts Disneyland, Sept. – turned away • Meets with Ike at Camp David • Wants West Berlin evacuated • Agrees to summit meeting on disarmament with U.S. British, French in 1960

  17. October 1960, United Nations

  18. U-2 INCIDENT • U-2 spy plane • 1960 • Shot down by Soviet guided missile • Francis Gary Powers

  19. FOREIGN POLICY – LATIN AMERICA • Why resentment toward U.S.? • Guatemala? • What happened to Nixon’s “goodwill tour” in Venezuela and Peru? • CUBA: • Castro takes over 1959; confiscates all U.S. property in Cuba • U.S. cuts off imports of Cuban sugar • Castro establishes ties with Soviets • Anti-Castro Cubans (1 million + between 1960 & 2000) head to U.S. • U.S. breaks off relations in Cuba in ’61 after Cuban Missile crisis & imposes trade embargo….still in effect • Khrushchev threatens attack if U.S..?

  20. 1950s Society Changes in the workplace: Mechanization Led to many more “white collar” jobs than “blue collar” jobs – what’s the difference? Changes in wealth: Average income of American family tripled Home ownership up Materialism Rampant!– “keeping up with the Jones” Conformity Rules People more concerned with outward approval

  21. 50’s SOCIETY THE AMERICAN DREAM: House in the ‘burbs TV in living room 2 cars in garage “White Flight” to the suburbs

  22. 50’s CONFORMITY • Suburbs, such as Levittown, NY flourish • Why?

  23. Religious Revival Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in the center of things. -- Time magazine, 1954 Church membership: 1940  64,000,000 1960  114,000,000 Television Preachers: 1. Catholic Bishop Fulton J. Sheen “Life is Worth Living” 2. Methodist Minister Norman Vincent PealeThe Power of Positive Thinking 3. Reverend Billy Graham currently 93; ecumenical message; warned against the evils of Communism; greatest evangelist?

  24. Church & State THE COLD WAR’S IMPACT ON RELIGION • 1954-Congress adds “Under God” to the pledge • 1955- “In God We Trust” required to appear on all currency • By end of 1950’s 95% of Americans felt connected to some formal religious group • Part of the promotion for the movie “The 10 Commandments” gave court houses small monuments/copies for display

  25. Religious Revival Hollywood: apex of the biblical epics. The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben Hur 1953 1956 1959 It’s un-American to be un-religious! -- The Christian Century, 1954

  26. THE BABY BOOM 1945-1961 65 million babies born Child-rearing became a national science Women being encouraged (by gov’t & culture) to stay home Dr. Spock’s how-to guide for baby boom parents. Urged parents to trust their instincts & parenting abilities. Criticized as fostering over-permissiveness

  27. Advances in Medicine: • Polio Vaccine • JONAS SALK • His testing subjects? • Antibiotics • New drugs for cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc. • Advances in Electronics: • Transistor – radios, calculators • Computers

  28. A Fifties Computer

  29. TELEVISION &ITS EFFECTS 80% of families have them by end of 50s ADVERTISING industry grows exponentially! Nightly news becomes the norm Sports – college and professional - become even more popular TV dinners Couch potatoes Movie attendance down … but drive-ins Types of shows: comedy, action, adventure, variety… Popular shows?

  30. ROCK ‘N ROLL Grew out of R & B Anti-conformity “Generation Gap” – cultural separation between kids & parents Why was Elvis so controversial? Little Richard Elvis Presley

  31. The Beat Movement The “Beats” or “Beatniks” White artists highlighting the “values gap” Unconventional; promoted spontaneity, open sexuality Poets, writers, artists criticizing conformity of the 50s Even some non-beats were anti-conformist: J.D Salinger -The Catcher in the Rye suggestedthat the conformist culture was making teenagers go nuts.

  32. FAMILY BOMB SHELTERS

  33. McCarthyism Ends! • Finally brought • down by • TELEVISION • Army Hearings • Censured in ’54 • Dies in ‘57

More Related