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Memory of Shoah in Hungary

Andrea Peto CEU, Budapest. Memory of Shoah in Hungary. Budapest centered , in few provincial cities I n 1945 150 - 2 6 0 000 decrease due to migration (in 2000 64 000- 118 000) 33% younger than 20 years, 23,2% older than 60, for 1000 men 1370 women Assimilated , educated

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Memory of Shoah in Hungary

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  1. Andrea Peto CEU, Budapest Memory of Shoah in Hungary

  2. Budapest centered, in few provincial cities In 1945 150-260 000 decrease due to migration (in 2000 64 000- 118 000) 33% younger than 20 years, 23,2%older than 60, for 1000 men 1370 women Assimilated, educated Nationalization and Communist take over Social Composition

  3. internationalisms Loss of symbolic spaces Jewish identity becomes victimized identity: antifascism Zionism increasing popularity „managed” as „religion” Migration outside the Soviet Block Aliya and migration

  4. Ethics, moral and law mixed Individualized corrective justice Bifurcation of memory Institutionalised amnesia Transitional justice

  5. Increase of new anti-semitism 1946 Pogroms eg. Kunmadaras Critics of transitional justice Change in elite (collaborationists were out from power, migrations plus economic boom 1945-1947) New anti-semitism

  6. Liberal profession, social composition Legal profession Conflicting identities: both victims of Shoah and members of the legal profession After 1945 normalisational discourse was legal discourse (people’s tribunals) Legal professionals mediating, invisibly between state and individuals (communicative memory) Why lawyers?

  7. Social composition of lawyers MÜNE (National Association of Hungarian Lawyers) 1927-1945 numerus nullus 6% of all lawyers in 1939, in Budapest 3384 registered lawyers 2040 of Jewish origin Lustration 1945-1946 Communist lustration 1947-1948---

  8. Age composition (62) 50% 1896-1913 31% 1871-1895 19% young with „generational luck” One third of the lawyers were of Jewish origin 5% „Debrecen lobby” 8% postal service lobby 3% active in professional organizations 53% party affiliation (18% leftist, 5% member of Christian religious institutions) 12% published in professional journals, 10% link to agrarian party, 1 MP Characteristics of the lawyers

  9. Result of lustration 71% approved 21% reprimanded 3% excluded 5 lawyers were suspended

  10. Conclusions

  11. Bibliography Photos are from Jewish Museum and Archive and Museum of Criminology, Budapest Pető, Andrea, “Problems of Transitional Justice in Hungary: An Analysis of the People’s Tribunals in Post-War Hungary and the Treatment of Female Perpetrators” in Zeitgeschichte Vol. 34. November-December 2007. pp. 335-349. Pető, Andrea, „Gendered Memory of Military Violence in Eastern Europe in the 20th century” in The Gender of Memory. Cultures of Remembrance in Nineteenth- and Twentieth- Century Europe Eds. Sylvia Palatschek, Sylvia Schraut. Frankfurt, New York: Campus Verlag, 2008, pp. 237-253.

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