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Geography

Geography. Natalie Andrews. Beginning the Study 6 S 209. Made maps based on previous knowledge Knowledge came from nomads & wanders Traveled from Arabia to China Used guidebooks written for pilgrimage.

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Geography

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  1. Geography Natalie Andrews NGA

  2. Beginning the Study 6S 209 • Made maps based on previous knowledge • Knowledge came from nomads & wanders • Traveled from Arabia to China • Used guidebooks written for pilgrimage NGA

  3. Muslim Expansion 1S 118 • Expansion reached farther than some known empires • All the way to Iceland, down rivers and to Scandinavia • Made many trading routes within the empire • Cartographers worked hard to clarity trade routes and roads • Took info from many ancient texts NGA

  4. Maps 1S 118 • Greeks used lines of latitude for temperature zones • Ptomely plotted regions, positions and distances • Put in medians and parallels • Muslim work is based off Ptomely’s work, instead of more recent Indian, Persian and European work NGA

  5. Al-Idrisi’s map 6P 209 • A morocan scholar at Roger III’s court in Palerino • Created circular map • Danube, Niger, Nile, Volga, Ganges, Yahtzee • Mediterranean basin and Central Asia • Ptolemic system of dividing world into seven climes NGA

  6. Overview 10P 209 • Muslims need to face Mecca for prayers • Maps and compasses required for Mecca prayers • Mixture of different cultures for studies • Unique tables and maps were created NGA

  7. Background 10P 1 • Started cartography to help Muslims find Mecca • Used all spherical trigonometry and math available • Purpose for maps spread to be also to help trade • For trade, cartographers paid attention to coasts, topographical features and town NGA

  8. Division 1P 118 • Divided the world into 7-9 regions • Earth had a great, encircling ocean that fed into the two main bodies of water in the world- Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean • Water separated by the Isthmus of Suez NGA

  9. Division 1P 119 • Abu Ishaq al-Istakhri and Ibn Hauqal, both cartographers, workecd with the Balkhi School divided the lands of Islam into 20 regions • Non Islamic lands were still having disputes over land and territories, when Arabs were working together NGA

  10. Travel for Discovery 1P 119 • Sturdier ways for travel were built, creating more luxury in travel • People started to record their travels much more carefully • After travelling to China, 11th century Muslims got the compass • Used compass for direction afterwards and put it on maps NGA

  11. Islamic Atlases 1P 120 • Diagrammatic itineraries were included • Showed towns that connected to roads, very similar to fold-out car maps nowadays NGA

  12. Al-Idrisi 1P 120 • King requested a map, al-Idrisi made a circle map • Map was large, silver relief map, which he reproduced onto 71 other maps • Wrote descriptive treatises NGA

  13. Effects of Cartography 1P 120-121 • West Europeans went on to use the maps to explore the world, went to all continents • Vasco da Gorna, Portuguese exploerer, went around Africa with Arab pilot who created a guide for crossing the Indian Ocean • Turkish Ottoman cartographer, Piri Re’is, created a detailed map of the Mediterranean with western influences NGA

  14. Chemistry 11P 123 • Arabs focused mainly on alchemy • Still, they discovered alcohol, nitric and sulfuric acids, sewer nitrate and potassium • Determined the weight of bodies • Mastered sublimation, crystallization and distilled water NGA

  15. Universalism 10P 1 • Arabs worked to make a system that could be used throughout the empire • The system consisted of directions and distances • Longest single table of the system had 500,000 entries and was done entirely by hand, including the calculations NGA

  16. Impact 11P 1 • Through travels they were able to map most of the known world • Developed new and useful coordinate systems • Created “projections” which were spherical surface of earth, which lead to the Mercator projection • Determined the length of latitude and longitude NGA

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