Warm Up: 1/15/2013

1. Warm Up: 1/15/2013 • Happy Tuesday! • Video tomorrow • Get to listen to some music…classical music! • Looking at the spread of the enlgihtenment • In your warm-up write: • Where was the center of the Enlightenment? • Name two basic beliefs of the philosophes. • What were two accomplishments of women?

2. Goals • Identify how the Enlightenment spread • Analyze the new architecture of the 17th century • Listen to the classical music of the age

3. The Spread of the Enlightenment

4. Paris • In the 1700s, Paris was the intellectual capital of Europe. • People flocked there to study, philosophize, and enjoy fine culture. • The brightest minds of this era gathered there. • From their circles spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

5. The Paris Salons • Several wealthy women in Paris held regular social gatherings in their mansions. • These gatherings were called ‘salons’. • Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and intellectuals met to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances.

6. Marie Therese Geoffrin • Madame Geoffrin was the most influential salon hostess.

7. Madame Geoffrin’s salon 1755

8. Encyclopedia • Madame Geoffrin financed the first encyclopedia to be made. • Denis Diderot brought together all the most current and enlightened thinking. • Science • Technology • Art • government • It was published in 1751. • The modern day WIKIPEDIA!

9. Denis Diderot

10. Ideas Circulate • The salons and the encyclopedias Diderot published helped spread the Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe. • Intellectuals shared their ideas through books, letters, visits, and magazines. • “Never have new ideas had such rapid circulation at such long distance.”

11. Ideas reach middle class • Newspapers, pamphlets, and political songs. • Enlightenment ideas of government and equality attracted the literate middle class. • They had money, but not any political power. • They bought a lot of books about Enlightenment ideas, which helped push the movement forward.

12. Art and Literature • The Enlightenment is also known as the “Age of Reason”. • The ideals of order and reason were reflected in the arts. • Music • Literature • Painting • Architecture

13. Architecture

14. Baroque • Grand ornate style from the 1600s and early 1700s. • Monarchs built grand, elaborate palaces. • Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the style changed to Neoclassical.

15. Baroque architecture

18. Neoclassical (New Classic) • Emphasis on order and balance. • Artists and architects worked in a simple, elegant style that borrowed ideas from classical Greece and Rome. • In music, this period is called classical.

19. Neoclassical Architecture

21. Classical Music • Franz Joseph Haydn • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Ludwig Van Beethoven Haydn Mozart Beethoven

22. Haydn • Developed new musical forms. • Sonata • Symphony

23. Mozart • Gifted child who began composing music at age 5. • At age 12, he wrote his first opera. • His operas set a new standard of elegance and originality. • The Marriage of Figaro • Don Giovanni • The Magic Flute

24. Beethoven • Wrote piano music, string quartets, and stirring symphonies • Early works were in the same classical style as Mozart. • Later works carried his music into the Age of Romanticism. • Became deaf after publishing 32 sonatas

25. Royalty • The Enlightenment also swept through palaces and royal courts. • Many philosophers, including Voltaire, believed that the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights.

26. Enlightened Despots

27. Enlightened Despots • Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected Enlightenment beliefs. • They were called Enlightened Despots. • Despots means ‘Absolute Ruler’

28. Enlightened Despots • Supported the new ideas, but they had no intention of giving up any power. • They only had two desires. • Make their country stronger • Rule more effectively • The foremost of Europe's Enlightened despots • Frederick II of Prussia • Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria • Catherine the Great of Russia

29. Frederick II • King of Prussia 1740-1786 • “I must enlighten my people, cultivate their manners and morals, and make them as happy as human beings can be, or as happy as the means at my disposal permits.” • He committed himself to making important reforms for Prussia.

30. Frederick II

31. Frederick’s Reforms • Religious freedoms • Reduced censorship • Improved education • Abolished torture • He did not end serfdom because he still needed support of the wealthy landowners. • Did not try to change the social order CONS PROS

32. Joseph II of Austria • Ruled Austria from 1780-1790 • Legal reforms • Freedom of the press • Freedom of worship • Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews • Abolished serfdom • Ordered peasants be paid for their labor with cash.

33. Joseph II • Nobles resisted the changes • After his death, all reforms were undone.

34. Catherine the Great • Ruled Russia from 1762-1796. • Formed a commission to make some reforms towards religions toleration and abolishment of torture, however, the commission never accomplished their goals. • Peasant uprising in 1773 convinced Catherine that she needed support of her nobles, so she granted them full power over serfs. • Serfs lost all freedom.

35. Catherine the Great