Ecosystems

1. Read pgs. 365-369 Vocab 22 Primary productivity 23 Producer 24 Consumer 25 Trophic level 26 Food chain 27 Food web 28 Herbivore 29 Carnivore Pred/Prey Lab Killer Bee Video Aliens of the Deep Video 30 Omnivore 31Detritivore 32 Decomposer 33 Energy pyramid 34 Biomass pyramid Ecosystems

2. Why do organisms live where they do? (a.k.a.habitat/physical area) • 2 Questions to ask: • How did they get there? • Why do they stay?

3. A. How did they get there? • Evolved in that location • Migrated as conditions changed • Just passing through • Accidental introduction

4. B. Why do they stay? • Available food or energy (probably most important) • Competition for resources is low (there is always a limited supply)

5. Mates and nesting sites are available, along with suitable environment (important to survival of that species) • Resources available to support offspring (water, building materials, oxygen, soil, prey, sunlight, etc.)

6. Classification by Niche (role) A. Trophic Level: (“feeding level”) • The relationship between what an organism eats and what eats it. • Where it fits into the food chain/web

7. Producer • Organisms that can manufacture (make) their own food =(energy rich organic materials) • Examples: green plants and bacteria • Autotrophs: photosynthetic, chemosynthetic • “Aliens of the Deep Video”

8. Alvin approaches a hydrothermal vent biocommunity Figure 15-23

9. Locations of deep-sea biocommunities Figure 15-24

10. Consumer • Organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and must get it from an external source. • Primary consumer- • Secondary consumer- • Tertiary, quaternary, etc. • Omnivore • Detritivore- • Parasite/host- • Decomposer-

11. Consumer • Organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and must get it from an external source. • Primary consumer- herbivore • Secondary consumer- carnivore • Tertiary, quaternary, etc. • Omnivore • Detritivore, scavenger- break down wastes and dead bodies earth worm, dermestid beetle • Parasite/host tapeworm, mosquito • Decomposer- fungi, bacteria: return nutrients to the soil for absorption

13. Food Chain • Food Chain: Specific feeding sequence in which organisms obtain food (energy/materials) in an ecosystem Grass  Caterpillar  Sparrow  Snake  Coyote **Diagram in notes

15. Food Web • Food Web: Interrelated food chains in an ecosystem **Diagram in notes but leave 3 lines above the food chain

16. FOOD WEB

17. Antarctic Food Web

18. DIATOMS

19. KRILL

20. SKUA

21. LEOPARD SEAL

22. ORCA

23. EMPEROR PENGUIN

24. SQUID

25. BLUE WHALE

26. Important Quarter 2 Dates: • CP #1 – 12/7 • CP #2 – 1/7 • Bonus #1 – 12/14 • Bonus #2 – 1/9 • CP Article Presentation – 1/22-1/25 • CP People – Don’t forget…your article summaries are due Nov 7 …make sure that you follow the directions that I gave you or you will have to redo it!!!

27. How do we keep track of energy in ecosystems? • Ecological Pyramids (3 types) • Numbers: counts individuals (does not discriminate by size) – can be an inaccurate indicator of energy at that level • Ex. Caterpillars outnumber the trees that they feed on • Biomass: measures amount of living tissue (dry weight) grams • Energy: measures amount of energy stored in tissues (ex. fats = 9 Cal/gram carbohydrates/proteins = 4 Cal/gram)

28. Top carnivores Carnivores Herbivores Producers

29. Numbers Pyramid

30. Energy Transfer – most lost as heat • Amount of energy available to do work decreases as energy passes through a system • 10% transfer of energy (90% energy lost) after each trophic level

31. Label the producers And consumers… 10,000 kg

32. Biomass Pyramid

33. 10kg grain 1 loaf of bread 1 person 1000 kg grain 1 cow Beef 1 person **The # of trophic levels that can be maintained in an ecosystem is limited by a loss of potential energy OR ** 10% transfer of energy

35. Energy Pyramid

36. A practice food web: Cat Berries Grass  Caterpillar  Sparrow  Snake  Hawk Rabbit

37. Accidental Introductions • Zebra Mussel – from Caspian Sea to Great Lakes (1986) from a ship • Now they are everywhere!!! • Problem: clogs water pipes, smoothers native clams, consumes plankton, no natural predators • Killer Bees – genetically altered to make more honey • Africanized bees escaped and took over Brazilian honeybees • Problems arose: they are more aggressive, can travel longer distances, swarm, attack people • The real threat? Agriculture

39. Ecosystems Test Topics:Test on Monday 10/29 • Food Web, Food Chain, Eco Pyramids • Evaluation of Food Webs (identification of members, predict consequences of additions or deletions of members) • Vocab 22-34 • Text 365-369 • Videos “Aliens” and “Killer Bees” • Ecosystems Review WS from binder

40. Jeopardy easy • 1. Killer bees are native to • 2. Food chains always begin with a • 3. What is the secondary consumer in the food chain • 4. Synonym for trophic level • 5. What is the producer at a thermal vent community? • 6. Which organism is probably least abundant? • Grass caterpillar sparrow snake coyote • 7. Energy pyramids are measured in what unit

41. Easy answers • 1. Killer bees are native to Africa • 2. Food chains always begin with a producer • 3. What is the secondary consumer in the food chain? SPARROW • 4. Synonym for trophic level FEEDING LEVEL • 5. What is the producer at a thermal vent community? BACTERIA • 6. Which organism is probably least abundant? COYOTE • 7. Energy pyramids are measured in what units? Calories • Grass caterpillar sparrow snake coyote

42. medium • 1. List 3 requirements of seeds to germinate • 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in calories • 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain • 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph • 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction of killer bees (not death) • 6. What is the consequence of doubling the caterpillars on the snake. • Grass caterpillar sparrow snake coyote • 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes from food digestion • 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem?

43. Medium answers • 1. List 3 requirements for seeds to germinate WATER, HEAT, OXYGEN • 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in calories 9 PER GRAM 4 • 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain • 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph • 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction of killer bees (not death) • AGRICULTURAL HARM • 6. What is the consequence of doubling the caterpillars on the snake SNAKE UP b/c more sparrows to eat • 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes from food digestion HEAT MOTION • 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem? RETURN NUTRIENTS TO SOIL FOR PLANTS

44. difficult 1. Name 3 differences between European and African Bees. 2. Draw and label the parts of a flower 3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN ANY ECOSYSTEM 4. How many producers? How many carnivores? Which level has the most energy? 5. Why do organism stay where they are? What are their needs? (3) 6. How did they get where they are? (3)

45. 1. Name 3 differences between European and African Bees. • Aggression, pollination, honey production 2. Draw and label the parts of a flower 3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN ANY ECOSYSTEM 4. How many producers? 1,500,000 How many carnivores? 90,001 Which level has the most energy? producer 5. Why do organism stay where they are? What are their needs? (3) • FOOD, SHELTER, MATES (LOW COMPETITION) 6. How did they get where they are? (3) EVOLVED THERE, MIGRATION, PASSING THROUGH, ACCIDENTAL OR DELIBERATE INTRODUCTIONS Difficult answers