Language

1. Language a finite set of discrete elements combined by a finite set of rules

2. Phonology • Speech sounds are produced by combining • a limited number of ways of interfering with the flow of air through the mouth (manners of articulation) • with a limited number of places to do it (points of articulation) • and a few other features (voicing, nasalization, glottalization, aspiration)

4. Manners of articulation • stops: flow of air is stopped (e.g., p, t, k) • fricatives: airflow turbulent (s, f, v) • affricates: stop plus fricative (tʃ <ch>, dʒ<j>) • nasals: airflow is stopped in mouth and but not in nasal cavity (m, n, ŋ <ng>) • approximant: little airflow obstruction (w, y, l) • vowels: no airflow obstruction

5. Points of articulation • bilabial (two lips; e.g. p, b, m) • labiodental (lower lip &upper front teeth; f, v) • interdental (tongue tip & upper front teeth; θ, ð <th>) • alveolar (tongue tip & alveolar ridge; t, d, n, s, z) • palato-alveolar (tongue blade & post-alveolar; ʃ, ʒ) • palatal (tongue blade & hard palate; j) • velar (back of tongue & soft palate; k, g, ŋ) • labio-velar (back of tongue & lips; w) • pharyngeal (back of tongue & pharynx) • glottal (glottis; h)

6. Other features of consonants • opening of the nasal cavity: nasals and orals • vibration of vocal cords: voiced and voiceless • aspiration: +/- puff of air after voiceless sounds

7. English consonants • m nasal bilabial stop • b voiced bilabial stop • p voiceless bilabial stop • v voiced labiodental fricative • f voiceless labiodental fricative • ð <th> voiced interdental fricative • θ <th> voiceless interdental fricative

8. English consonants • l voiced alveolar lateral-approximate • ɹ <r> voiced alveolar approximate • z voiced alveolar fricative • s voiceless alveolar fricative • n nasal alveolar stop • d voiced alveolar stop • t voiceless alveolar stop

9. English consonants • ʒ <zh> voiced palato-alveolar fricative • ʃ <sh> voiceless palato-alveolar fricative • dʒ <j> voiced palato-alveolar affricate • tʃ <ch> voiceless palato-alveolar affricate • j <y> voiced palatal approximant

10. English consonants • ŋ <ng> nasal velar stop • g voiced velar stop • k voiceless velar stop • w voiced labio-velar approximant • h voiceless glottal fricative

12. MinimalPairs of English stops VOICELESSVOICED                  NASAL BILABIALpillbillmill ALVEOLARtilldillnil VELAR killgill *ngill

13. English vowels HIGH  FRONT                           HIGH BACK beet boot bit put bait boat bet bought bat bot bite bout LOW  FRONT                              LOW BACK

14. Phonology • phone: a speech sound segment • phoneme: a category of sounds that are treated by a language as the same; the minimal unit of sound used to make a difference in meaning. • allophones: sounds that "represent" the same underlying phoneme (e.g., pit and spit) • minimal pairs: a pair of words that are different in meaning that differ in only one sound segment

15. Phonology • distinctive feature: phonetic feature that distinguishes two phonemes • complementary distribution: when a pair of phones never occur in the same phonetic context • nasal vowels occur before nasal consonants but not at the end of a word or before oral consonants (bean) • oral vowels occur at the end of a word and before oral consonants but not before nasal consonants (bead) • phonological rule: description of the complementary distributions of phones. • (e.g., "nasalize a vowel or diphthong before nasals."

16. Phonological analysis • Evidence that two phones are different phonemes (finding minimal pairs): • Find words that differ in meaning but are the same except for a pair of phones in the same position. • Attribute the difference in meaning to difference in phones: the phones are different phonemes: • (e.g., pill, bill, mill, till, dill, nil, kill, gill ...)

17. Phonological analysis • Evidence that two (or more) phones are allophones of the same phoneme (finding complementary distribution): • Record a collection of words using the phones. • Isolate instances of the phones and describe their contexts. • Look for systematic differences between contexts. • If you have found a pair of words where the contexts are identical, you have found a minimal pair and can quit; the phones are different phonemes. • If you can predict when the phones occur, then the phones are in complementary distribution.

18. Japanese: (t, ch, ts) • t       chtstatami      chizumatsutegamideguchinatsutotemochichitsukuekata        uchitsutsumukototomodachitetsudau.

19. Japanese: (t, ch, ts) • t: #ta, #te, #to, ata, ote, oto • ch: #chi,achi, ichi,uchi • ts: atsu, #tsu, etsu, utsu

20. Japanese: (t, ch, ts) • Are there any minimal pairs? • Is the difference determined by the preceding phone? • Is the difference determined by the following phone? • t > ch / __i; t > ts / __u • t isaffricatedbefore a high vowel

21. Korean: (l, r) • r              l • rupimul • kiri pal • saramilkop • ratioipalsa

22. Korean: (l, r) • r: #ra, #ru, iri, ara • l: ilk, als, al#, ul# • Are there any minimal pairs? • Is the difference determined by the preceding phone? • Is the difference determined by the following phone? • l > r / __V

23. Morphology • Words/sentences are produced with • a finite number of elements combined • through a finite set of rules. • Can infer the elements and the rules by • systematic comparison of • minimally different combinations.

24. MorphologicalInferencein Daily Life • We constantly continue to learn our native languages, but the process rarely comes to conscious awareness. • Easiest to see process in inferring meaning of words from other languages.

27. What do po and jomean in Albanian?

29. You overheartwoold friends saying: • 餵！您好嗎？ • Xinchào! Bạnkhoẻkhông? • Hei! Kuinkavoit? • Labas! Kaipsekasi? • Witaj! Jaksięmasz? • Здравствуйте! Как дела?

30. What aretheysaying to eachother?

31. Most generalstrategy • Findminimallydifferentcontexts • Attributedifferences in meaning • to differences in form

32. Inferring the Meaning of Chinese Characters from the Lunch Menu

34. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 雞 Chicken

35. _ _ _ _ 牛 Cow

36. _ _ _ 蝦 Shrimp

37. _ _ _ X 肉 Meat 豬 Pig 肉 Pork 肉 Meat

38. Moral Inferringmeaning from reference isn’tfoolproof.

39. Morphology • Morpheme • an "atom" of meaning. • it can’t be further analyzed.

40. Morphology • Procedure for doing morphological analysis: • Find word pairs minimally different in meaning. • Attribute shared meaning to shared form and differences in meaning to differences in form. • Learn and revise.

41. Tarahumara kaye tree kayezi trees pakaye It is a tree. pakayezi They are trees.

42. Finnish laulan I sing. laulat You sing. laulavi He sings. laulamme We sing. laulatte You all sing. laulavat They sing.

43. Finnish ____ I drink. yuotYou drink. yuoviHe drinks. yuommeWe drink. yuotteYou all drink. yuovatThey drink.

44. Finnish yuonI drink. yuotYou drink. yuoviHe drinks. yuommeWe drink. yuotteYou all drink. yuovatThey drink.

45. Pocomchi (by verb) tiwil I see you all. kiwil I see them. qorilHe sees us. kirilHe sees them. tiqil We see you all. kiqil We see them. qokilThey see us. tikilThey see you all.

46. Pocomchi (by verb) kiweht'al I recognize them. qoreht'al He recognizes us. tireht'al He recognizes you all. kiqeht'al We recognize them. tikeht'al They recognize you all. kikeht'al They recognize them.

47. Pocomchi (by subject) tiwilI see you all. kiwil I see them. kiweht'alI recognize them. qoril He sees us. kiril He sees them. qoreht'al He recognizes us. tireht'al He recognizes you all.

48. Pocomchi (by subject) tiqilWe see you all. kiqilWe see them. kiqeht'alWe recognize them. qokilThey see us. tikilThey see you all. tikeht'alThey recognize you all. kikeht'alThey recognize them.

49. Pocomchi (by object) qorilHe sees us. qokilThey see us. qoreht'alHe recognizes us. tiwilI see you all. tiqilWe see you all. tikilThey see you all. tireht'alHe recognizes you all. tikeht'alThey recognize you all.

50. Pocomchi (by object) kiwilI see them. kirilHe sees them. kiqilWe see them. kiweht'alI recognize them. kiqeht'alWe recognize them. kikeht'alThey recognize them.