Catalyst #4: September 16th, 2013 (4 minutes)

1. Catalyst #4: September 16th, 2013 (4 minutes) • Give one example of an adaptation and explain why it is an adaptation. • Define evolution by natural selection. • 3. Give an example of geographic isolation. • 4. How are convergent and divergent evolution different?

2. Today’s Agenda • Catalyst (5 minutes) • Speciation Beach Ball review (5 minutes) • Evidence of Evolution (15 minutes) • ThinkTacToe (20 minutes • Homework: • None • Honors: 9 weeks project due September 30th

3. Announcements • Mastery grades • Office hours tomorrow • Dojo review • Binder quiz this week ;) • Parent teacher conferences on Thursday

4. Unit 3: Guiding Questions • What determines which organisms survive and which do not? • Do species ever change? • How do scientists believe all of the species that exist today were formed? • What evidence is there to support evolution?

5. Evaluation: Natural Selection • Crawlers from The Descent • Humanoid • Cave-dwelling • Blind • No pigment • Moist skin • Incredible grip/climbing abilities • Bat-like ears • Echolocation • Carnivorous (raw meat)

6. Evaluation: A valid example of natural selection? • Are the crawlers a valid example of natural selection? • What are their adaptations? • Are they favorable? • Is it believable?

7. “Regressive Evolution” • Cave dwelling organisms (Troglobites) • Instead of “gaining” favorable adaptations, they lose adaptations they no longer need.

8. Beach Ball Review Divergent evolution Speciation Species Convergent evolution Geographic isolation Reproductive isolation Common ancestor

9. Today’s SPI and Objectives • SPI 3210.5.3 Recognize the relationships among environmental change, genetic variation, natural selection, and the emergence of a new species. • SWBAT identify the various forms of evidence supporting evolution • SWBAT explain how homologous structures demonstrate common ancestry (relatedness) and support evolutionary theory • SWBAT identify examples of vestigial structures and explain how vestigial structures provide evidence supporting evolution

10. Biology Unit 3 Chapter 15, Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

11. Evidence of Evolution • Evolution by natural selection is considered the best scientific explanation for the existence and diversity of life • Scientific= testable & observable • Keep in mind that science cannot prove or explain everything, however • Scientists use many forms of scientific evidence in support of evolution

12. Evidence of Evolution • We will focus on 4 forms of evidence • Fossils • Homologous structures • Vestigial structures • DNA sequencing

13. Homologous Structures • Definition: Structures with similar composition, placement and form but different functions • Examples: Human arm, cat leg, horse leg, dolphin flipper, and bat wing

14. Homologous Structures

15. Homologous Structures • How do homologous structures provide evidence in support of evolution? • Homologous structures suggest that organisms evolved from and share a common ancestor because of their similar bone structure and placement. • They have different functions because each species adapted to different environments

16. Analogous Structures • What about structures with the same function? • Analogous structures are structures that evolved in unrelated species, but have the same function in different organisms • Example: Bird wings vs. insect wings • They are found in unrelated species that only use them for similar functions. • These DO NOT provide evidence of evolution

17. Analogous Structures • Mammals and insects both use their legs to walk. However, their limbs are made of different types of tissues and these organisms are not closely related. • These are analogous structures

18. Vestigial Structures • Definition: Structures with little or no known function in one organism but known to have a significant function in other organisms • Examples: Snake pelvis, Kiwi wings, human appendix

19. Vestigial Structures

20. Vestigial Structures • How do vestigial structures provide evidence in support of evolution? • These structures suggest that a species evolved because they are known to have important functions in other organisms, so they likely did in an ancestor of the species

21. Evolution Review ThinkTacToe • You must complete at least 5 THINK boxes. • Regular: You must complete one box in each column. (i.e. 1 from T, 1 from H, 1 from I, etc.) • You may choose ANY boxes in the column. (Honors: 3 of your boxes must be from the “N” or “K” columns.) • On your own sheet of paper, write whatever columnand your answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES

23. Reminders • Honors 9 weeks projects • Office hours • Binder quiz

24. Catalyst #5: September 17th, 2013 • ALA #1

25. Agenda • Catalyst: 10 minutes • ActivExpression Review: 10 minutes • Evidence of Evolution, part 2: 10 minutes • Manipulatives: 15 minutes • Homework: Evidence for Evolution Homework • Unit 3 Study Guide due Monday • Honors 1st 9 weeks projects

26. Announcements • Parent teacher conferences on Thursday

27. Unit 3: Guiding Questions • What determines which organisms survive and which do not? • Do species ever change? • How do scientists believe all of the species that exist today were formed? • What evidence is there to support evolution?

28. Today’s SPI and Objectives • SPI 3210.5.3 Recognize the relationships among environmental change, genetic variation, natural selection, and the emergence of a new species. • SWBAT identify the various forms of evidence supporting evolution • SWBAT explain how homologous structures demonstrate common ancestry (relatedness) and support evolutionary theory • SWBAT identify examples of vestigial structures and explain how vestigial structures provide evidence supporting evolution

29. Biology Unit 3 Chapter 15, Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

30. Question 1 • Define evolution.

31. Question 2 • Define speciation.

32. Question 3 • Octopi are able to change color and texture to blend in with their environments. What type of adaptation is this AND what environmental factor contributes to this adaptation?

33. Question 4 Male peacocks with the most colorful tail feathers are most likely to finding a mate. Female peacocks choose mates based on the color of their tail feathers. In reality, not all males have bright, large tails, and this was especially true a few thousand years ago. Females are not likely to choose those males as mates. Predict which tail feathers the majority of the male peacock population have today using the four principles of natural selection.

34. Question 5 • Define divergent evolution.

35. Question 6 • Rainbow trout spawn (reproduce) in the spring. Brown trout spawn in the fall. These two types of organisms are not able to mate and not the same species. Is this an example of geographic or reproductive isolation?

36. Question 7 A forest fire causes the permanent separation of a group of deer from their native population, causing the small group to interbreed only with one another. Over time, the group becomes an entirely different species. • Is this a result of geographic or reproductive isolation?

37. Question 8 • Ducks and platypuses both have bills and webbed feet. However, they are not related. Is this an example of convergent or divergent evolution?

38. Question 9 • Darwin studied finches on the Galapagos Islands. These birds had evolved different beaks to eat the different available food on different islands. • Convergent or divergent evolution?

39. Question 10: • Give an example of two homologous structures.

40. Fossil Record • Definition: Preserved remains or imprints of organisms that are found in various levels of the earth • Bones, shells, imprints, etc. • Older fossils are found deeper in the earth; newer fossils are found near the earth’s surface

41. Fossil Record • How does the fossil record provide evidence of evolution? • Many fossils are intermediate forms, whose features show a transition from ancientspecies to modern species • Features are in between those of ancient and modern organisms • This suggests that many species of organisms have gradually changed over time • Evolution

42. Fossil Record

43. Fossil Record: Transitional Forms MODERN OLDER

45. DNA Sequencing • Definition: Comparison of all of the genes (genome) found in different species of organisms • Example: Human vs. chimpanzee DNA

46. DNA Sequencing • How does DNA sequencing provide evidence of evolution? • DNA sequencing shows many similarities in the genome (all of the genes) of different species • Species with higher percentages of their DNA (genome) in common are thought to be more closely related and to share a common ancestor

47. Sample Question • Which two species are most closely related? • Species 1 and 3

48. Sample Question • Which two species are most closely related? • Species 3 and 4

49. CFU • Which of the following is the best definition of analogous structures? • Structures that evolved in unrelated species but have the same function • Structures with little or no known function in one species but an important function in other species • Structures with similar form and placement but different functions • Structures left behind in various layers of the Earth • Answer: A.

50. CFU • Which of the following is the best definition of homologous structures? • Structures that evolved in unrelated species but have the same function • Structures with little or no known function in one species but an important function in other species • Structures with similar form and placement but different functions • Structures left behind in various layers of the Earth • Answer: C.