ITD1011- Introduction to IT

1. ITD1011- Introduction to IT جـامعـــة الـجــزيــرة UNIVERSITY OF JAZEERA Dr. Mohamed Sammouda

2. An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations Chapter 2

3. Principles and Learning Objectives • Distinguish data from information and describe the characteristics used to evaluate the quality of data. • Identify the basic types of business information systems and discuss who uses them, how they are used, and what kinds of benefits they deliver. • Identify the major steps of the systems development process and state the goal of each.

4. Very Brief History of Computing • Mechanical => Electronics • Analog => Digital • Huge => Tiny • Slow => Fast • Military => Normal life • Isolated => Networked • Data processing => Information processing

5. Timeline: Computing, Communication • 1960s - Mainframes, Transistor • IBM • 1970s - Minicomputers • Digital Equipment (DEC) • 1980s - Personal computers, LANs • Apple, IBM PC, Microsoft • 1990s- Web, Internet, • Yahoo, AOL • 2000s – Ecommerce, Wireless • Amazon, Ebay?

6. Information Concepts

7. Information System • An Information System (IS) is a set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate & disseminate data & information & provide feedback to meet an objective. • Examples: ATMs; airline reservation systems; course reservation systems

8. Data vs. Information • Data: raw facts, such as an employee’s name address, number of worked hours, a sale order, and inventory number. • Data – raw facts that describe a particular phenomenon. • Information: collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselves • Information – data that have a particular meaning within a specific context.

9. The Process of Transforming Data into Information

10. Characteristics of Valuable Information

11. The Components of an Information System Input is the activity of gathering and capturing raw data. Processing involves converting or transforming data into useful outputs. Output involves producing useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports. Feedback is output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities. Forecasting is a prediction of the future events to avoid problems.

12. Manual Information Systems • An Information System can be manual or computerized. • Example: Some investment analysts manually draw charts and trend lines to assist them in making investment decision. • Tracking data on stock prices (input) over the last few months or years, these analysts develop pattern on graph paper (processing) that help them determine what stock prices are likely to do in the next few weeks or months

13. Computer-based Information Systems • Today, many excellent computerized Information Systems have been developed to follow stock indexes and markets and to suggest when large blocks of stocks should be purchased or sold (called Tracking system) .

14. Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) CBIS consists of hardware, software, database, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information. Example: A company’s payroll system, order entry system, inventory control systems. Information Technology (IT) is a related term that refers to the technology components of hardware, software, database, and telecommunications.

15. Components of a CBIS

16. Components of a CBIS • Hardware - computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities. • Software - computer programs that govern the operation of the computer. • Database - an organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of two or more related data files. • People - the most important element in most computer-based information systems. • Procedures - include the strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS.

17. Telecommunications, Network, and the Internet • Telecommunications - the electronic transmission of signals for communications. • Networks - used to connect computers and computer equipment in a building, around the country, or around the world to enable electronic communications. • Internet - the world’s largest computer network, actually consisting of thousands of interconnected networks • Intranet– is a network based technologies that allows people within an organization to exchange information. • Extranet – is a network based on web technologies allows selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to access authorized resources of the intranet of the a company.

18. Business Information Systems

19. Business Information Systems • Electronic Commerce • Transaction Processing Systems and ERP • Information and Decision Support Systems • Special-Purpose Business Information Systems: Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems. • All these systems help employees in organizations accomplish both routine and special tasks, from recording sales, to processing payrolls, to supporting decisions in various departments.

20. E-Commerce E-Commerce involves any business transaction executed electronically between parties such as companies (B2B), companies and consumers (B2C), consumers and other consumers (C2C), business and the public sector, and consumers and the public sector. • Business-to-business • Business-to-consumer • Consumer-to-consumer

21. E-Commerce Greatly Simplifies the Purchasing Process

22. Transaction Processing Systems and ERP • Transaction processing system (TPS) - an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions. • Transaction: Any business-related exchange such as payments to employees, sale to customer, and payments to suppliers. • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System - a set of integrated programs capable of managing a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization.

23. A Payroll Transaction Processing System

24. Management Information Systems • A MIS is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, database, and devices used to provide routine information to managers and decision makers. • MIS typically provide standard reports generated with data and information from the transaction processing system.

25. Functional Management Information Systems Draw Data from the Organization’s TPS The focus of MIS is primarily on Operational efficiency.

26. Decision Support Systems (DSS) DSS is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to support problem-specific decision making. • The focus of a DSS is on decision-making effectiveness. • MIS helps an organization “do things right” a DSS helps a manger “do the right things”.

27. Essential DSS Elements DBMS :Database management system. MMS: Model management system

28. Special-Purpose Business Information Systems • Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of Human Intelligence. • Expert systems is a system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in a particular field. • The unique value of an expert system is that they allow organizations to capture and use the wisdom of experts and specialists. Therefore years of experience and skills are not completely lost when a human expert dies, retires, or leaves for another job. Expert systems can be applied to almost any field or discipline.

29. Roles, Functions, and Careers in the Information Systems Department • Operations • Systems Development • Support

30. The Three Primary Responsibilities of Information Systems

31. Typical IS Titles and Functions • The Chief Information Officer • LAN Administrators • Internet Careers

32. Why Learn About Information Systems? • Advance in your career • Solve problems • Realize opportunities • Meet your career goals