PLANNING HISTORY: PART II

1. PLANNING HISTORY: PART II 1900-1930s: persistent and expanded urban problems and a diversity of (inadequate?) responses • Industrial hyper-development presented new challenges eliciting a diversity of complex responses. • Economic depression (1929-39) stimulated “New Deal” action ranging from environmental planning, to urban and industrial/labor as well as social reform.

3. Shattered dreams, lost hope

4. The Planning Responses Reflected differing perspectives/philosophies and differing outcomes. Pragmatists (moles)Utopians (Skylarks)

5. The solutions: realistic or utopian? • City Efficient – Regulate and Redevelop • New Communities – Reject,Recreate, and Relocate

6. City Efficient: Pragmatic professionals Who were they - -Architects: Daniel Burnham (master planner and “father of American architecture”) - Lawyers (Alfred Bettman and Edward Bassett - Engineers (Robert Moses) - Social Critics (Jane Jacobs) - Publicists/strategists (Walter Moody)

7. The PragmaticPlanners Walter Moody Jane Jacobs

8. Pragmatic ideology Their perspective • Improve city form for better functioning • Engage in new construction to improve infrastructure • Adopt policies (control approach) to achieve desired goals Their vision • Maintenance of capitalist order Social Order • Support for democracy and individualism

10. Idealists (utopian) planners Their Perspective: The city needed to be revamped and people relocated. Their vision: • Anti-urban • Embraced semi-rural landscapes with green belt areas • Implementation of mixed use landscape for self sufficiency • Urban design - blend of country and city • Ideal size of city - 30-40,000 population Social order • Prescriptive (at the cost of some laissez faire individualism)

11. Who were labeled the idealists? Best known: Ebenezer Howard (1850-1929) Robert Owen (1771-1858) Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)

12. Best known idealists… Edouard de Jeanneret aka LeCorbusier (1887-1990) Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) Lewis Mumford (1895-1979)

13. Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect & Planner

14. LeCorbusier: Seeking economies of scale in late capitalism?

15. To which of these camps do you belong? • Idealist? • Pragmatist? • Contemporary evidence of a blended perspective?

16. III. CITY EFFICIENT MOVEMENT (aka: City Scientific, or City Functional) Application of empiricism (scientific data gathering) • Educational and professional institutions promote the planning process and establish professionalism in planning • Planners sought public support through systematic marketing efforts. • Emergence of public-private partnerships in land developments See works of Robert Moses and Daniel Burnham, Walter Moody for examples

17. Robert Moses: NY Master Builder -bridges, parks, parkways …

18. City efficient: accommodating the automobile.

19. The Automobile Shapes The city (from article by M. V. Melosi) Ford Model T-automobile 1920s

20. A search for new beginnings: Garden Cities- the utopian response A vision realized but never entirely enduring: • 1824: New Harmony: a model village for America • 1903: Letchworth: England first garden city • 1920: Welwyn: England second garden city • 1928: Radburn: First Garden City built in USA • See Howard’s maps p.143-45 in Platt Refer also to article by Robert Fishman (required reading)

21. Ebenezer Howard’s ideal city design

22. Radburn, NJ:Enduring planning icon

23. A Garden City for USA –Radburn, NJ The American Architect commented (1980): Radburn: Represents the first scientific effort that has ever been made to establish a community designed exclusively to minimize the danger of automobile accidents.…It was also the desire of the builders to create not only a [safe] community ..but …one of beauty in appearance and the utmost in modern efficiency. Quoted in Kreukeberg 1087, p. 128

24. Radburn: Lasting contributions to planning 1. “NGO”-private partnership • Separation of traffic by mode (the pedestrian path system does not cross any major roads at grade) 3. Creation of mixed use largely residential "superblocks”. 4. Introduced five-step planning process - has been a lasting guide: • i)formulate goals • ii) collect data • iii) develop plan • iv) implement plan • iv) evaluate at later date

25. Radburn: How ideal? • Current population status versus planning goal? • Built for which social class(es)? • Diverse or homogenous ethnic/social groups? • Efficient use of urban space? • Access to employment?

26. Recapping planning accomplishments during 1920s • 1906: First Major historic preservation act: The Antiquities Act of 1906 • 1909: First– National Conference on City Planning (NCCP) • 1909: Plan of Chicago • 1916 National Park Service created • 1916: First comprehensive zoning ordinance adopted in NY • 1917: American City Planning Institute (ACPI) formed • 1926: The rise of Zoning • See list of dates in handout

27. Zoning Legalized • 1922 – President Hoover’s government issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act • 1922 - Start of conflict between Village of Euclid and Ambler Realty Co. • 1926 - Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of comprehensive zoning (see Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company) • 1928 - Standard City Planning Enabling Act (dictated what could occur in the city)

28. Zoning’s seminal court cases (1) • Discuss case: Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company See handout

29. New Deal Public Works and Grande Vision of the 1930s President F. D. Roosevelt’s New Deal “Planning” Actions • Successes and failures of Roosevelt's "New Deal" programs • See chart in the handout.

30. Relief in sight ! • Roosevelt creates new programs • CCC gives work to youth • Monastery opens soup kitchen

31. New Deal: pragmatic and utopic • The pragmatic: CWA, CCC, Social Security …. • The idealistic: Natural Resources Planning Board (1939-43) Became involved in national, state and regional planning.