GPC 126 Physiological Psychology

1. GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Sleep and Biorhythms Lecture #8 Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2018

2. This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in Chapter 6-7 of the text Foundations of Physiological Psychology by Neil R. Carlson All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text. Lecture 5

3. 1. Collect Sleep Log Plan for the day 2. Review the fundamentals of sleep 3. Review the various forms of sleep disturbance and their causes. 4. Review the concept of biorhythms and their function in modulating human behavior.

4. Your submissions will be recorded, tabulated, and class results will be shared with you next week. Sleep Log

5. To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whether 'tis Nobler in the mind to sufferThe Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune,Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,And by opposing end them: to die, to sleepNo more; and by a sleep, to say we endThe Heart-ache, and the thousand Natural shocksThat Flesh is heir to? 'Tis a consummationDevoutly to be wished. To die to sleep,To sleep, perchance to Dream; Aye, there's the rub,For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come,When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. Hamlet, act IIIWilliam Shakespear

6. Sleep Something we will do for about 1/3 of our lives.

7. Sleep Characterized by: 1. reduced or absent consciousness, 2. relatively suspended sensory activity, 3. inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles.

8. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than being in hibernation or a coma. Sleep

9. Wake up Mom, I’m Hungary! Hibernation A kind of suspended animation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms. Hibernation refers to a season of heterothermy characterized by low body temperature, slow breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic rate.

10. Coma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.

11. Sleep is a heightened anabolic (constructive metabolism) state, accentuating the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular systems. A time when the body rebuilds itself and repairs damage. Metabolism is reduced only 5-10% during sleep….so, you are using energy at nearly the same rate as when you are awake…. Sleep

12. Stage I Sleep Levels Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Stage II Stage III (And IV) Slow Wave Sleep REM Rapid Eye Movement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNlp0UMqUtM

14. Awake Sleep Levels Characterized by full sensory responsiveness and both Alpha and Beta brain activity

15. Stage I Sleep Levels Characterized as a transition stage…between wakefulness and sleep…..Theta activity is present

16. Sleep Levels Stage 2 After about 10 minutes or so, sleep comes……..Theta activity slows and Sleep Spindles begin to appear.

17. Stage 3 (4) Sleep Levels The third level of NREM sleep (formerly called levels 3 & 4) is characterized by slow wave Delta activity

18. REM Sleep Levels Brain electrical activity Muscle activity Eye movement The final stage is REM (rapid eye movement)….Theta/Beta activity increased… muscular paralysis

19. NREM Slow Wave 60-70 minutes REM Sleep Levels 20-30 minutes NREM Slow Wave 60-70 minutes Normal sleep includes Slow Wave NREM and REM cycles of about 90 minutes in duration

20. Rapid eye movement sleep (aka “paradoxical sleep”) accounts for 20-25% total sleep time REM is usually identified by by: Rapid eye movements observable under the lid EEG patterns of increased frequency and saw-tooth waves Muscular paralysis which may protect individuals from extreme movement prompted by vivid dream scenes. REM Sleep

21. Circadian cycles

22. A circadian rhythm is the term given to a natural pattern of biological activity with a period of about 24 hours. These patterns are thought to be driven by a circadian clock and have been observed in fungi, plants, and animals. Circadian Rhythm

23. The study of “biological rhythms” has been given the name Chronobiology. These patterns are believed to be partly naturally encoded into each organism but also may be adjusted by external cues such as the presence of sunlight or work demands and schedules….. Circadian Rhythm

24. The daily cycle of life, which includes sleeping and waking, is called a circadian (meaning "about a day") rhythm, commonly referred to as the biologic clock. http://www.sleepdisordersguide.com/circadian-rhythms.html#ixzz3Wz9f7VCl Circadian Rhythm

25. Circadian Rhythm

26. Timely prediction of seasonal periods of weather conditions, food availability or predator activity is crucial for survival of many species. Although not the only parameter, the changing length of the photoperiod ('day length') is the most predictive environmental cue for the seasonal timing of physiology and behavior, most notably for timing of migration, hibernation and reproduction. Circadian Rhythm Source: Foster, R. & Kreitzman, L. (2005). The Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks That Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing. London: Profile Books. Ltd.

27. The influence of Circadian rhythms is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, brain wave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration and other biological activities. Circadian Rhythm

28. Circadian Rhythm The influence of Circadian rhythms is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, brain wave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration and other biological activities.

29. Photoperiodism, the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night, is vital to both plants and animals, and the circadian system plays a role in the measurement and interpretation of day length. Circadian Rhythm

30. Circadian Rhythm

31. Circadian Rhythm

32. Humans Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights. Circadian Rhythm

33. Humans More recent research has shown that adults have a built-in day, which averages about 24 hours; indoor lighting does affect circadian rhythms; and most people attain their best-quality sleep during their chronotype-determined sleep periods. A study by Czeisler et al. at Harvard found the range for normal, healthy adults of all ages to be quite narrow: 24 hours and 11 minutes ± 16 minutes. The "clock" resets itself daily to the 24-hour cycle of the Earth's rotation. Circadian Rhythm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4UxLpoNCxU

34. The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are: melatonin secretion by the pineal gland core body temperature plasma level of cortisol Circadian Rhythm

35. For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. The average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time, though variation is great among normal chronotypes. Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at about 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Circadian Rhythm

36. Sleep Disorders

37. Sleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep. People with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times. This means the brain -- and the rest of the body -- may not get enough oxygen.   There are two types of sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA):The more common of the two forms of apnea, it is caused by a blockage of the airway, usually when the soft tissue in the back of the throat collapses during sleep. Central sleep apnea: Unlike OSA, the airway is not blocked, but the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe due to instability in the respiratory control center. Sleep Disorders: Sleep Apnea

38. Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea can affect anyone at any age, even children. Risk factors for sleep apnea include: Being male, being overweight, being over age 40 Having a large neck size (17 inches or greater in men and 16 inches or greater in women) Having large tonsils, a large tongue, or a small jaw bone Having a family history of sleep apnea Gastroesophageal reflux, or GERD Nasal obstruction due to a deviated septum, allergies, or sinus problems Sleep Disorders

39. Sleep Apnea What Are the Effects of Sleep Apnea? If left untreated, sleep apnea can result in a growing number of health problems, including: High blood pressure Stroke Heart failure, irregular heart beats, and heart attacks Diabetes Depression Worsening of ADHD  In addition, untreated sleep apnea may be responsible for poor performance in everyday activities, such as at work and school, motor vehicle crashes, and academic underachievement in children and adolescents. Sleep Disorders

40. Insomnia Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms: Difficulty falling asleep Waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep Waking up too early in the morning Feeling tired upon waking Sleep Disorders

41. Insomnia Types of Insomnia Primary insomnia: Primary insomnia means that a person is having sleep problems that are not directly associated with any other health condition or problem. Secondary insomnia: Secondary insomnia means that a person is having sleep problems because of something else, such as a health condition (like asthma, depression, arthritis, cancer, or heartburn); pain; medication they are taking; or a substance they are using (like alcohol). Sleep Disorders

42. Insomnia Insomnia also varies in how long it lasts and how often it occurs. It can be short-term (acute insomnia) or can last a long time (chronic insomnia). It can also come and go, with periods of time when a person has no sleep problems (episodic insomnia). Acute insomnia can last from one night to a few weeks. Insomnia is called chronic when a person has insomnia at least three nights a week for a month or longer. Episodic insomnia is often associated with periods of life change or situational stress. Sleep Disorders

43. Insomnia Causes of Insomnia Causes of acute insomnia can include: Significant life stress (job loss or change, death of a loved one, divorce, moving) Illness Emotional or physical discomfort Environmental factors like noise, light, or extreme temperatures (hot or cold) that interfere with sleep Some medications (for example those used to treat colds, allergies depression, high blood pressure, and asthma) may interfere with sleep Interferences in normal sleep schedule (jet lag or switching from a day to night shift, for example) Causes of chronic insomnia include: Depression and/or anxiety Chronic stress Pain or discomfort at night Sleep Disorders

44. Insomnia Symptoms of Insomnia 1. Sleepiness during the day 2. General fatigue 3. Irritability 4. Problems with concentration or memory Sleep Disorders

45. Insomnia Treatment for Insomnia Acute insomnia may not require treatment. Mild insomnia often can be prevented or cured by practicing good sleep habits. If your insomnia makes it hard for you to function during the day because you are sleepy and tired, your health care provider may prescribe sleeping pills for a limited time. Rapid onset, short-acting drugs can help you avoid effects such as drowsiness the following day. Avoid using over-the-counter sleeping pills for insomnia, because they may have undesired side effects and tend to lose their effectiveness over time. Treatment for chronic insomnia includes first treating any underlying conditions or health problems that are causing the insomnia. If insomnia continues, your health care provider may suggest behavioral therapy. Behavioral approaches help you to change behaviors that may worsen insomnia and to learn new behaviors to promote sleep. Techniques such as relaxation exercises, sleep restriction therapy, and reconditioning may be useful. Sleep Disorders

46. Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Neurologic disorder causing an urge to move the legs. The condition often disrupts sleep (sleep disorder) Restless legs syndrome (RLS)is a sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move your legs (or arms). The urge to move occurs when you’re resting or lying down and is usually due to uncomfortable, tingly, aching, or creeping sensations. Sleep Disorders

47. Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that involves excessive, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness. It is caused by a dysfunction of the brain mechanism that controls sleeping and waking. If you have narcolepsy, you may have “sleep attacks” while in the middle of talking, working, or even driving. Sleep Disorders

48. Narcolepsy Common signs and symptoms of narcolepsy include: Seeing or hearing things when you’re drowsy or starting to dream before you’re fully asleep. Suddenly feeling weak or losing control of your muscles when you’re laughing, angry, or experiencing other strong emotions. Dreaming right away after going to sleep or having intense dreams Feeling paralyzed and unable to move when you’re waking up or dozing off. Sleep Disorders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0GyhVN-HwU

49. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders We all have a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm). Light is the primary cue that influences circadian rhythms. When the sun comes up in the morning, the brain tells the body that it’s time to wake up. At night, when there is less light, your brain triggers the release of melatonin, a hormone that makes you sleepy. Disruption of circadian rhythms result in feeling groggy, disoriented, and sleepy at inconvenient times. Circadian rhythms have been linked to a variety or sleeping problems and sleep disorders, including insomnia, jet lag, and shift work sleep difficulties. Abnormal circadian rhythms have also been implicated in depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder (the winter blues). Circadian Rhythm Disorders

50. Circadian Rhythm Disorders Jet Lag