Native America v. America

1. Native America v. America A Tumultuous Relationship

2. I. Three categorizations:

3. II. As Neighbors: Encounter & Exchange The Good: Exchange of crops, animals, farming The Bad: Importation of disease and violence

4. Relationship with Colonizers • Spanish were Conquistadores who created encomiendas • French needed help with the fur trade • English came to settle, at first were friendly

5. The English & American Indians • As the English colonist moved west, wars broke out in the 1600s

6. The American Revolution • ~ 13,000 American Indian warriors fought on the British side • Americans resented tribal help to Brits

7. c. Noble Savages • Others saw them as “needing to be civilized” including people like Thomas Jefferson

8. d. Post-War Fighting • Indian raids on white settlements • Whites used raids as an excuse to ravage Indian villages in the late 1700 and early 1800s

9. e. Assimilation1880s-1940s • return to idea that Indians are civilizable • Offshoot of Progressive era • “Kill the Indian, save the Man”

10. f. Indian Boarding Schools • creation of Indian boarding schools • No language • No traditions • No families • Sent out to white families on breaks to work as servants

11. g. Conservation of Culture1935-1950 • Indian New Deal • Romanticization of American Indian culture • Many stereotypes still prevalent

12. h. American Indian Movement: 1970s Grew out of Civil Rights Movement of 1960s • reclamation of tribal land • Much more forceful than other movements • 75 takeovers of federal buildings or land (including Alcatraz)

13. 1973: Pine Ridge (Wounded Knee-site of 1890 massacre) • Protest over treaty rights and stripmining • National Guard surrounded area cutting off access • daily gunfire between occupiers and troops—2 men killed • 71 days in length • gov’t arrested 1200 at end • followed by controversial arrests and deaths of prominent Nat Am leaders

14. III. As Landowners • Go West, Young Man! • Westward movement of settlers creates tensions with Native American tribes

15. b. French and Indian War:Stuck in the Middle with You • As the English moved west toward the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, the French became worried they would lose access to the fur trade • Both colonizers built forts in the mid-1700s • The American Indians were caught in the middle & most tribes sided with the French • War ends with treaty, followed by Proclamation of 1763

16. d. Land in the New Republic • In the late 1700s the Iroquois, Choctaws, Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaws all signed treaties with government ceding [giving up] land • Some tribes resisted • Tribes left with small independent nations

17. e. Indian Removalunder President Jackson:1830-1839

18. f. Black Hawk War (1831-32) • Sauk and Fox Indians in IL • whites very vicious—attacked even when Black Hawk tried to surrender • led to slaughter and removal

19. g. Trail of Tears: Cherokees • 1,000 fled to North Carolina • Winter of 1838: rest began march to Indian Territory • about ¼ died

20. h. The Far West • Plains tribes concentrated into 2 territories: Oklahoma (Indian Territory) and the Dakotas • allowed government to take most desirable land and separate Indians physically and politically • management given to Bureau of Indian Affairs—completely corrupt

21. i. Destruction of Buffalo • partly to feed all westward migrants • partly to feed fashion • partly to clear way for railroads • partly for amusement • 1875: virtually extinct (15 mil 1865)

22. j. Resistance& the End of Indian Wars • Continual fighting from 1850s-1880s • Gov’t would no longer negotiate with chiefs • surrendered in 1886=official end of fighting betweens whites and Indians • Was 1890 Wounded Knee massacre of Lakota Sioux Geronimo

23. As Citizens: The Constitution • Addressed Native Americans: • excluded “native americans not taxed” from pop. count for representation • gave Congress power to negotiate treaties with tribes & trade with tribes • legal standing very unclear—big issue as time went on

24. In the Courts: 1830s • Chief Justice John Marshall made 3 major decisions in Supreme Court cases that helped to clarify political status of Native Americans • Only government could buy or take land from Native Americans-reservations are still entrusted to US gov’t • Federal Gov’t is the guardian of tribes-no need for separate courts • Indian reservations are not always subject to state law

25. The Dawes Act – 1887 • gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land • force assimilation to white model of society • tribal land reduced from 155 mil acres to 48 mil acres by 1934

26. Citizenship Granted • Inconsistent citizenship: • by marrying white men • through military service • by allotments • 1924: Indian Citizenship Act

27. New Deal for Indians:1933-1945 1933: created Indian Emergency Conservation Program (IECP) • employed 85,000 Nat Am 1934: Indian Reorganization Act • ended Dawes Act • provided $ for tribes to buy new land • recognized tribal constitutions • federal grants to provide social services • prohibitions on language, religion and custom lifted

28. Modern Day Relations 1970-present 1950s: Termination Era • Attempt to reduce government involvement • Return to assimilation • Tried to repay tribes for lands taken illegally 1970 to present: Self-Determination • Native American tribes are semi-autonomous • Independent governments • federal gov’t in role of protector to allow for self-government