Aim: How did Augustus bring peace to the Roman Empire?

1. Aim: How did Augustus bring peace to the Roman Empire? Do Now: Based on the activity we did on Friday, do you think Julius Caesar should be remembered as a hero or a villain? Why?

2. I. Rise of the Second Triumvirate (44 B.C. – 31 B.C.) • After Caesar is killed, Rome is taken over by the Second Triumvirate: • Octavian (Caesar’s grand-nephew and adopted son) • Antony (C’s ally/assistant) • Lepidus (C’s cavalry commander) • Lepidus dies, Octavian and Antony fight for power! • Battle of Actium (31 B.C.) - Octavian wins! • After gaining full power, Octavian takes the name Augustus (“the revered one”)

3. II. The Age of Augustus (31 B.C. – 14 A.D.) • Augustus becomes the first Emperor of Rome • Achieves absolute power • Every solider swears an oath of loyalty to him personally • His household runs all the daily business of the government • Even though Augustus was emperor, he kept the assemblies, Senate and other government officials of the republic.

4. C. Accomplishments of Augustus: • Gives food and jobs to the poor. Allows poor people and freedmen (freed slaves) to serve in the government. • Keeps a standing army of 28 legions (150,000 men) • Extends the empire, builds more roads. • Appoints legates (deputies) to oversee different regions in the empire. • Set up a fire brigade and police department in Rome, built Rome’s first library.

5. Aim: Why is the PaxRomana considered the golden age of the Roman Empire? Do Now: Why was Augustus an important figure in Roman history? What were some of his accomplishments?

6. I. Legacy of Augustus A. Brings peace to Rome and reorganizes the government so it runs well for the next 200 years. B. Paves the way for the PaxRomana – Golden age of peace and prosperity in Rome.

7. II. PaxRomana (96 A.D. – 180 A.D. – Golden Age of the Roman Empire • Five “good” emperors:Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius • Maintain peace and prosperity, promote trade, extend the empire (pop of 50 million during this period!), build public works (aqueducts, roads, harbors), use government money to help the poor.

8. III. The Colosseum: Public amphitheater featuring Gladiatorial fights, circuses, chariot races. Day at the Arena: Trained gladiators fighting to the death, beast vs. beast, criminals killed by beasts “Bread and Circuses”

9. IV. Architecture- Like Greeks, interested in rows and columns.- Interest in curvilinear forms – arch, dome. - Structures made from concrete – strong and durable. - Cities had a grid-like set-up with wide streets.- 50,000 miles of paved roads connected the empire • Roads “ All ROADS lead to ROME!”

10. V. Aqueducts: Tunnels, canals and otherstructures that carry water from place to place. Over 500 miles of aqueducts in the city of Rome. Usually built underground

11. VI. Law • Now that Rome is an empire, laws had to be fair to Romans & non-Romans • JurisPrudentes – special lawyers & legal writers that helped judges to write new laws. • Important principals of Roman law during the Empire: • Innocent until proven guilty • All classes are equal before the law • Laws standardized – Same legal procedures in all parts of Empire

12. VII. Family • Role of the Father • Head of house – his word was law • Arranged marriages of his children • Education for children • Until the age of 12, all Roman boys and girls went to school together • After 12, poor boys went to work, rich boys began formal education (studied reading, writing, grammar, music, geometry, and arithmetic). • At 15, rich boys entered schools for Rhetoric – speech & writing. Some went to school in Athens of Alexandria for philosophy or medicine.

13. C. Education of girls • After 12, rich girls received private lessons at home, became very well-educated. • Some women worked in or owned small shops of their own • Wealthy women had slaves to do housework so they could study arts, literature, fashion.

14. Aim: What were the causes for the fall of the Western Roman Empire? April 9, 2014

15. I. The Beginning of the End • After the PaxRomana, Rome is ruled by weak, corrupt leaders. Between 235 and 284, there were twenty-two emperors. Most of them were killed by the army or their own bodyguards! • Two Emperors try to save Rome • Emperor Diocletian (284-305): • Divided the Empire into eastern and western parts. • Protects the frontiers to stop invasions • Controls prices of goods so they don’t become too expensive. • To make sure goods were produced, he forces workers to stay in the same jobs until they die.

16. Emperor Constantine (306-337): • To keep people from leaving their jobs, sons have to do the same thing their fathers did. For example, sons of farmers had to stay and work their father’s land. • Expanded the size of the army and government to keep Rome going. To pay for this, he has to raise taxes. • Moves the capital of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in Turkey.

17. II. Political Causes for the Fall of Rome The empire was too large for one emperor to control Most emperors after the Pax Romana were weak Citizens experienced a loss of confidence, patriotism and loyalty to the Roman gov.

18. III. Economic Causes for the Fall of Rome Poor harvests led to food shortages. The government raised taxes to pay for the army and the government. Many Romans couldn’t keep up, and lost their farms and businesses. Inflation: Prices were going up Rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer.

19. IV. Military problems Germanic tribes outside Rome were gaining strength. By 370 A.D., tribes like the Huns, Vandals, Visigoths began to attack. The Roman military was growing weak: generals were challenging the authority of the emperors, few Romans actually served. Romans hired German soldiers (called mercenaries) to protect the empire, but they were not always effective. By 476, Germanic barbarians conquered Western Rome. Eastern Rome becomes the Byzantine Empire, continues on for another 1,000 years.