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The Human Genome Project & The International HapMap Project

Samuel Hastings. The Human Genome Project & The International HapMap Project. Contents. History of the HGP What is the HGP Technologies Limitations Future of Genetics Works Cited. History of the Human Genome Project.

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The Human Genome Project & The International HapMap Project

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  1. Samuel Hastings The Human Genome Project &The International HapMap Project

  2. Contents • History of the HGP • What is the HGP • Technologies • Limitations • Future of Genetics • Works Cited

  3. History of the Human Genome Project • Started in 1990 by Ari Patrinos(head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S.) • Rapidly changed to an international research project to have a collaborative effort on the genome that connects us together. • Originally estimated to finish in 2005, but a working draft of the genome was finished in 2000 changing the projection of finishing the genome in the next 3 years (2003). • More detailed research of the human genome are still being published and analyzed.

  4. The Human Genome Project • The objective of the HGP was to fully analyze the entire human genome in order to understand genetics and to aid in the future development of medicine. • Using the “hierarchical shotgun method” international scientists were able to collaborate with other companies and governments to help sequence the genome. • Each sequence in the genome has a “stop” and “start” code which can be analyzed by a computer and then organized into the entire human genome. • By the end of 2006 the HGP had completed sequencing all the human chromosomes, including the sex chromosomes X and Y.

  5. International HapMap Project • The HapMap is a “map” of the human genome. • Describes what functions certain strings of proteins have. • Still being developed and published today • Scientists around the word post their findings on their webpage.

  6. How it Effects Us Today (Pros/Cons) • Pros: • As more people get their specific genomes sequenced, the location and functions of genetic disorders might be understood • Possible solution to all common genetic problems. • Cons: • There is no guarantee that treatments will be anywhere in the new future. • If each common disease is caused by a collection of unique genetic variants, it may not be susceptible to drugs to cure. • Testing on humans can cause or even create new types of genetic defects or diseases.

  7. Limitations • In 2008, the GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimation Act) became law. • States that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of genetic information for health insurance and employment policies. • Genetic research is very controversial, and receiving government funding is very difficult. • The functions of some parts of the genome are still unknown, even though all of the genome is sequenced.

  8. The Future of Genetic Engineering • The human genome project has many applications for the future medical world. • Custom drugs, also known as pharmacogenomics. • Genetic diseases can be pinpointed and possibly corrected. • The ‘perfect’ human? • Livestock breeding • Cloning

  9. Works Cited • 1. "Human Genome Project Information." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml> • 2. Chial, Heidi. "Human Genome Project: Sequencing the Human Genome | Learn Science at Scitable."Nature Publishing Group : Science Journals, Jobs, and Information. Nature Education, 2008. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. <http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-sequencing-technologies-key-to-the-human-828>. • 3. Singer, Emily. "The Next Human Genome Project: Our Microbes - Technology Review."Technology Review: The Authority on the Future of Technology. 22 May 2007. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/18618/?a=f>. • 4.Morgan MJ (2011) A Brief (If Insular) History of the Human Genome Project. PLoSBiol 9(3): e1000601. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000601 • 5. Trivedi, Bijal P. "SEQUENCING THE GENOME." Genome News Network - Home. 2 June 2000. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/06_00/sequence_primer.shtml>. • 6. The International HapMap Consortium. The International HapMap Project. Nature 426, 789-796. 2003. • 7. Wade, Nicholas. "A Decade Later, Human Genome Project Yields Few New Cures." The New York Times.N.p., 12 June 2010. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/health/research/13genome.html?pagewanted=all>. • http://seemikedraw.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/clone1.gif

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