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Diphthongs Dr. Ehsan

Diphthongs Dr. Ehsan. The joining of two vowel sounds They are (8 sounds) in number. Dr. Ehsan M. Abdelgadir. / ei / as in the first alphabetical letter(a)

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Diphthongs Dr. Ehsan

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  1. DiphthongsDr. Ehsan The joining of two vowel sounds They are (8 sounds) in number

  2. Dr. Ehsan M. Abdelgadir • /ei/ as in the first alphabetical letter(a) • Day/dei/- way/wei/ - take /teik/ - make /meik/- break /breik/ - cake /keik/ - gate/ geit/- lake /leik/ - wake /weik/ - age/eiʤ/ • /iə/ ear/iəl – clear/kliə/ - near /niə/ - here /hiə/ - fear /fiə/ - dear+deer/diə/ -spear/spiə • /ai/ bite/bait/ - find /faind / light/lait/ - white/wait/ - buy/ bai/ why/wai/ - sky/skai/ Lie/lai/ -either /aiðə/ - dye+die=/dai/

  3. Dr. M. Abdelgadir • /ↄi/ - boy/bↄi/ - voice /vↄis/ - noise /nↄiz/. • /əu/ as in the alphabetical letter(o) no/nəu/ - go /gəu/ - most / məust/- so/ səu/ - stone / stəun/ - goat /gəut/ snow / snəu/ - soul/səul/ . • /au/ how/hau/ - now/nau/ - sound /saund/ - found /faund / - round /raund/ - vowel / vauəl/ - noun /naun/ - bough/ bau/ - cow/kau/ - pound /paund/

  4. Phonetics: The Diphthongs • /uə/ - poor/ puə/ - pure/ pjuə/ - tourist / tuərist/ - cure /kjuə/ • /eə/ air/eə/ - were+ where /weə/ - there /ðeə / - pair /peə/ - player /pleə/ - chair /tʃeə

  5. Articulatory Components • Vocal tract (filter) • Oral, pharyngeal, nasal cavities • Glottis (glottal source) • Space between vocals folds (cords) • Located in larynx (voicebox) • Anterior (front) of larynx is your Adam’s apple

  6. Vocal tract filter Stylised Mid-sagittal view

  7. Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharyngeal Cavity

  8. Larynx/Glottis

  9. Consonant Classification • Voicing/Phonation type • Place of Articulation • Manner of Production -- Degree of Stricture • Velic Position • Passage of airflow thru oral cavity

  10. Voicing/Phonation type • Voiced • Glottis opens and closes rapidly • Male ~100 Hz • Female: ~200 Hz • Voiceless/Unvoiced/Devoiced • Glottis remains open • Can you find voiced/voiceless pairs? • Hint: Start with a voiced sound, e.g. [z]

  11. Place of Articulation • Main cavities for airflow • Passive articulators • Active articulators • Primarily the tongue

  12. Alveopalatal Palatal Velum Uvula Epiglottis Alveolar Ridge Lips Teeth

  13. Manner of Production(Degree of Stricture) • Stop/Plosive: complete closure • Fricative: close approximation • Approximant: open approximation • Trill • Affricate

  14. Other • Velic Position • Nasal • Passage of airflow thru oral cavity • Central • Lateral

  15. 3­term labels • For Example: • [ s ] Voiceless alveolar fricative • [ ʃ ] Voiceless alveopalatal fricative • [ m ] Voiced bilabial nasal stop • [ ŋ ] Voiced velar nasal stop • [ l ] Voiced lateral alveolar approximant • Notice the use of symbols • Not all correspond to orthography

  16. Vowel quality • Shape of vocal tract tube • Resonant frequencies -- formants • Standing waves • Tend to vary considerably • Acoustics…next lecture • Easier to use tongue and lip positions

  17. Vowel Classification by Tongue Position • Locate highest point of normally convex surface Tongue backness • Use vertical and horizontal dimensions Tongue height tongue

  18. Vertical: Tongue Height • 3 or 4 degrees: • close/high • close­mid • open­mid • open/low • Puzzle: Order the vowels in the following words in descending tongue height • Bed • Bayed • Bead • Bad

  19. Horizontal: Tongue Backness • 2 or 3 degrees: • front • back • Central • Puzzle: For each of the following pairs of words which vowel is front/back? • Head, hod • Hood, hid

  20. Vowel Classification contd... • Lip Position • Rounded • Unrounded • Puzzle: For the following pair of words which vowel is Rounded/Unrounded? • Reed, rude • Finer distictions (eg. Swedish)

  21. 3­term labels: Vowels • For Example: • [ i ] close front unrounded • [ ε ]open­mid front unrounded • [ u ] close back rounded

  22. Other ‘Dimensions’ for Classification • Voiceless • Nasality • Retroflexion: r­colouring / rhotacisation • Tense vs. Lax • Length • Breathy vs.Creaky

  23. Monophthongs vs. Diphthongs • Monophthong • Pure vowel • Diphthong: • rising/closing • centring • falling/opening • Triphthong?

  24. Cardinal vowels • Primary cardinal vowels • Secondary cardinal vowels

  25. Phonetic Alphabets • IPA • Arpabet • Sampa • Worldbet • Exercise: • Choose any word with more than 3 or more syllables • Phonetically transcribe it in IPA and one other phonetic alphabet

  26. Broad vs. Narrow Transcription

  27. Next • Acoustic phonetics • Puzzle for later (after next 2 lectures): • How does vowel height and backness relate to the first two formants?

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