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Section 14-3

The Solvation Process. Solvation is the process of surrounding solute particles with solvent particles to form a solution. Solvation in water is called hydration.

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Section 14-3

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  1. The Solvation Process • Solvation is the process of surrounding solute particles with solvent particles to form a solution. • Solvation in water is called hydration. • The attraction between dipoles of a water molecule and the ions of a crystal are greater than the attraction among ions of a crystal. Section 14-3

  2. Solute A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution. Saltin salt water Sugarin soda drinks Carbon dioxide in soda drinks Solvent A solvent is the dissolving medium in a solution. Waterin salt water Waterin soda

  3. The Solvation Process (cont.) Section 14-3

  4. The Solvation Process (cont.) • Sucrose molecules have several O–H bonds, which become sites for hydrogen bonding with water molecules. • Oil does not form a solution with water because there is little attraction between polar water molecules and nonpolar oil molecules. Section 14-3

  5. “Like Dissolves Like” Nonpolar solutesdissolve best in nonpolar solvents Polar and ionic solutesdissolve best in polar solvents

  6. The Solvation Process (cont.) • During solvation, the solute must separate into particles and move apart, which requires energy. • The overall energy change that occurs during solution formation is called the heat of solution. Section 14-3

  7. Solubility Trends • The solubility of MOST solids increases with temperature. • The rate at which solids dissolve increases with increasing surface area of the solid. • The solubility of gases decreases with increases in temperature. • The solubility of gases increases with the pressure above the solution.

  8. Therefore… Solids tend to dissolve best when: • Heated • Stirred • Ground into small particles Gases tend to dissolve best when: • The solution is cold • Pressure is high

  9. Solubility (cont.) Henry’s lawstates that at a given temperature, the solubility (S) of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure (P). Section 14-3

  10. Solubility (cont.) Section 14-3

  11. Solubility Chart

  12. Saturation of Solutions • A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that may be dissolved under existing conditions is saturated. • A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under existing conditions is unsaturated. • A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions is supersaturated.

  13. A B C D Section 14.3 Assessment For a given amount, which type of solution contains the LEAST amount of solute? A.solvated B.saturated C.supersaturated D.unsaturated Section 14-3

  14. A B C D Section 14.3 Assessment At a given temperature, the solubility of a gas is directly proportional to what? A.volume B.mass C.molarity D.pressure Section 14-3

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