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The United States and World War I

The United States and World War I. Chapter 19. TOWARD WAR. Era of Intervention. A) Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. as an international police power, “speak softly, but carry a big stick” - Panama, Dominican, Cuba

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The United States and World War I

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  1. The United States and World War I Chapter 19

  2. TOWARD WAR

  3. Era of Intervention A) Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. as an international police power, “speak softly, but carry a big stick” - Panama, Dominican, Cuba B) Taft – Dollar Diplomacy: influence by econ investment and loans from American banks - Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominican C) Wilson – “moral imperialism”: U.S. has a responsibility to teach other people democracy - Haiti, Dominican, Mexico

  4. Panama Canal “The Big Ditch”, 1904-1914

  5. Pancho Villa Francisco Madero - Madero murdered by Gen. Huerta, civil war begins - U.S. takes Vera Cruz to protect - Villa attacked NM killing 17, Wilson ordered troops

  6. Militarism: aggressive building of military (results in arms race) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary Allied Powers: Russia, Great Britain, France, Serbia, U.S. Mobilization: readying troops for war Stalemate: neither side is able to gain an advantage

  7. America and the Great War American Response to War 1. mixed sentiment 2. Allied sympathy 3. Isolationist: opposition to U.S. involvement - immigrant, progressive organizations - loaned +2 billion to Britain

  8. Cause #1Zimmerman Note: • German telegram to Mexico intercepted by British • Proposed an alliance and support if Mexico attacked the U.S. • Increased pro-war feelings Cause #2 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: u-boat attacks on every/any allied ship - May 7, 1915 Lusitania passenger liner was sunk off Irish coast

  9. American Expeditionary Force (AEF): volunteers, national guard that served overseas. Included 11,000 women.

  10. New Weaponry

  11. Crews slept in hammocks in shifts • They ate chocolate because it didn’t freeze • - Some attempted to bomb from 20,000 feet

  12. Most used telegraph between gondolas (engines)…when they broke it meant crawling into 65 mph winds at -30 degrees.

  13. LZ-60 Story

  14. Interesting Fact: Altitude Sickness • Ships could climb 1,000 feet per minute • Sets in at 12,000 feet • Ringing ears, lightheadedness, headaches • Quickness of breath, doubled heart rate • Oxygen available caused nausea • Lethargic movement • Slowed thought process

  15. Spies Leon Dabo, American Mata Hari, Dutch, double agent for French & Germans Sidney Reilly, Russian Jew, worked for early MI6

  16. A. Progressive viewpoint – national unity, purpose, social justice B1. Military conscription: The Selective Service Act (1917) aka “The Draft”: - 18 - 45 years old - 10 million signed up - 2.8 million added after the draft (400,000 blacks, 15,000 Indians)

  17. THE WAR AT HOME

  18. B2. Economic intervention - War Industries Board: controlled all elements of war production (raw resources to manufacturing) to make it efficient; standardized production - Railroad Administration - Fuel & Food Administrations - National War Labor Board: govt, industry, AFL reps to handle labor problems; pushed for minimum wage, 8 hr day, legalizing unions. - labor-management-govt participation - increased income taxes

  19. C2. Committee on Public Information: (George Creel) - advertising to gain public support - 75,000 speeches, pamphlets, short films, posters - promoted democracy, painted Germans as evil - loyalty leagues F2: Americanization: homogenous (similar) culture by the “melting pot”

  20. Anti-German Feelings - English only laws - “sauerkraut”  “liberty cabbage” - banned Beethoven

  21. D1. National Women’s Party E1. Espionage Act (1917): - illegal to interfere with draft - removed Leftist material from mail - fines of 10,000 or 20 years in jail E1. Sedition Act (1918): - illegal to obstruct sale of bonds - illegal to discuss “disloyal, profane, scurilous, or abusive” statements about govt/constitution/army/navy - about 1,000 convictions E3. Debs convicted, jailed for 10 years for urging to “resist militarism”

  22.  Schenck v. U.S. (1919) - Schenck – Gen Secretary of Socialist party - prepared to mail anti-draft leaflets, arrested - Supreme Court unanimous decision to uphold the law - every act of speech depends on circumstance  “yelling fire in a crowded theatre” - If speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress could restrain it (Justice Holmes)

  23. H. Status of African Americans - Booker T. Washington: accommodate - W.E.B. DuBois: black protest - NAACP – focus on enforcing 14th/15th amendments - 500,000 worked in war factories - 400,000 in military (supply jobs) - “Close ranks”: encouraged blacks to enlist to bring the country together (did not pay off) - Second wave of the “Great Migration” - North/South Violence - blacks as “scabs” in N - attacks on the uniform in S - Tulsa, OK 300 killed, veterans tried to stop lynching - Garveyism: national self-determination for blacks -

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