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Chordates

Chordates. By Eduardo Alexander Becerra and Caleb Jennings Staurseth. What Defines a Chordate?. Its.. Notochord Dorsal Nerve Chord Pharyngeal Slits Post-Anal Tail. Chordate Embryos and Tissues. Chordates have 3 layers of tissue Deutersomes Anus forms first, then the mouth forms

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Chordates

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  1. Chordates By Eduardo Alexander Becerra and Caleb Jennings Staurseth

  2. What Defines a Chordate? • Its.. • Notochord • Dorsal Nerve Chord • Pharyngeal Slits • Post-Anal Tail

  3. Chordate Embryos and Tissues • Chordates have 3 layers of tissue • Deutersomes • Anus forms first, then the mouth forms • Coelomates • Bilaterial symmetry • Endoskeleton • Complete digestive system

  4. Notochord: A flexible rod-like structure that is similar to a spine

  5. Dorsal Nerve Chord: The nervous system in chordates.

  6. Pharyngeal Slits: Gill like structures that are located on the pharynx

  7. Post-Anal Tail: A tail that extends beyond the anus.

  8. The 3 Branches • The three subdivisions or ‘clades’ of chordates: • Craniates • Lancelets • Tunicates

  9. Tunicates(subphylum Urochordata) • The deepest branching lineage of chordates. • Resembles other chordates most intensely during larval stages • Larva tunicate settles down, and goes through metamorphasis • Many chordate characteristics disappear • Tail and notochord go away, nervous system is destroyed • Often called “sea squirts” as they shoot out water from their anus to jet away when attacked

  10. Tunicate Tunicate lifecycle

  11. Polycarpa Auruta

  12. Lancelet(subphylum cephalochordata) • Named after their bladelike shape • Lancelet Larvae: • Devolop a notochord, dorsal, hollow nervecord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail • Food source is plankton • Post metamorphasis: • Spend most of their time in the sand, leaving their mouth exposed, catching their food. • Segmented muscle developed from somites - found in all chordate embryos

  13. Adult Lancelet

  14. Craniates • craniates (literally means cranium/skull)are unique from their other chordate relatives in a number of characteristics: • Possess 2 clusters of ‘Hox’ genes • Neural Crest - collection of cells at the dorsal margins in an embryo which give rise to a variety of structures: • Teeth • Many bones and cartilage of the skull • Inner layer of skin (dermis) on the facial region • Sensory capsules in which sense organs such as eyes develop.

  15. Craniates are seperated into 2 major Clades • Myxini/Hyperotreti (hagfish) • Vertebrata

  16. Myxini -Pacific Hagfish- • These bad boys have a • skull made of cartilage, and • swim in a snake-like motion • They Also have a small brain, eyes, ears, and a nasal opening which connects to their pharynx

  17. Vertebrata Craniates Lampreys (Cephalaspidomorphi) are the oldest living lineage of vertebrates, and lack a jaw

  18. Vertebrata Craniates • Conodonts (“cone teeth”) • Early, slender, soft-bodied verebrates with advanced eyes, and lacked a jaw

  19. Vertebrata Craniates Ostracoderms Additional vertebrates stemmed from the same period. Ostracoderms -- had paired fins, inner ear and sense of balance, a muscular pharynx, and armored bodies

  20. Vertebrata Craniates • Gnathostomes (“jaw mouth”) = jawed vertebrates • The jaw enabled animals to grip food and chew it • up for digestion • 4 Hox Genes • Enhanced sense of smell and vision resulted in a larger forebrain • Have lateral line systems, which detected vibrations • Consisted of placoderms = “plate-skinned” and acanthodians, which are closely related to ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish • Went extinct around 360 million years ago

  21. Vertebrata Craniates • Chondrichthyans • Consists of Sharks, rays, and their close relatives • Have skeleton made mostly of cartilage and loads of calcium, developed mostly in embryonic stages • Sharks: • have a spiral valve, which makes up for the sharks short digestive tract • Have noses meant only for smelling, not breathing • Eggs fertelized internally • Some species are oviparous • Some species are ovoviviparous • Rays: • Bottom-dwellers, whiplike tails, venomous barbs

  22. JAWS - Great White Large Stingray

  23. Vertebrata Craniates • Osteichthyes(“Bony Fish”) • Bony endoskeletaon • Breathe through gills • protected by bony flaps called operculum • Buoyancy controlled with an air sac called a swim bladder Common fish

  24. Vertebrata Craniates • Osteichthyes continued… • Ray-Finned Fishes • Majority of aquatic osteichthyans • Bass, trout, perch, tuna, herring • Fins allow for increased • maneuverability • defense Blue-Fin Tuna

  25. Vertebrata Craniates • Osteichthyes continued… • Lobe-Fins • Fins have a thick muscle layer in pectoral and pelvic fins • Used to “walk” across the sea floor • Only three lineages left today • Coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods Coelacanths lungfish

  26. Vertebrata Craniates • Tetrrapods -- gnathostomes with feet • Have 4 feet with digits • Able to support weight on land • No gill slits • in embryonic development, what would have developed into gill slits creates ears and glands • Overall, adaptions making organisms fit for land

  27. Vertebrata Craniates • First Group of Tetrapods: Amphibians • 4,800 species today: • Comprising of salamanders, frogs and caecilians • Live on land and in water • Scientists believe that the earliest tetrapods were heavily tied to water

  28. Tadpole Life Cycle

  29. Sources • http://depts.washington.edu/fhlk12/links/StudentProjects/Images/CionaTunicateBiology/tadpole_low.gif • http://lh3.ggpht.com/_yItZwKwfM-I/TTPNPSBC1LI/AAAAAAAAA_U/HobmwJ3weYo/chordatecharaceristics219.jpg • http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/schaffer/182/Vertebrates/AmphioxusPurvis.jpeg • http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/schaffer/182/Vertebrates/AmphioxusPurvis.jpeg • http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1290&bih=658&tbm=isch&tbnid=vC0HTQ2FBF6zuM:&imgrefurl=http://northgoessouth.com/tag/giant-bluefin-tuna/&docid=meFYCiQ-KwXP0M&imgurl=http://northgoessouth.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/27Tuna-t_CA0-articleLarge.jpg&w=600&h=315&ei=axmOT8KNEsGo2wXvvr2DDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=170&vpy=384&dur=1148&hovh=163&hovw=310&tx=199&ty=95&sig=110107029035550495494&page=2&tbnh=110&tbnw=209&start=18&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:18,i:224 • http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1290&bih=658&tbm=isch&tbnid=mEB3K2EHov4tkM:&imgrefurl=http://www.richardherrmann.com/PersonalProjects/GameFish.html&docid=QxMmdZhCQxO_NM&imgurl=http://www.richardherrmann.com/PersonalProjects/images-persProjects/05BluefinTuna011637.jpg&w=700&h=518&ei=axmOT8KNEsGo2wXvvr2DDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=777&vpy=210&dur=1074&hovh=193&hovw=261&tx=118&ty=118&sig=110107029035550495494&page=3&tbnh=151&tbnw=199&start=38&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:38,i:266 • http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/005/cache/giant-stingray-bluesheet_547_600x450.jpg

  30. Sources part 2 • http://www.biog1105-1106.org/labs/deuts/chordates.html • jaws.jpg (640×480) • http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1290&bih=658&tbm=isch&tbnid=1QBTNyeBRDnkjM:&imgrefurl=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/gnathostomata/gnathostomata.html&docid=ZJEYZYbF12ssWM&imgurl=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/gnathostomata/images/Gnathostomata1.jpg&w=400&h=262&ei=aw2OT6X5BIXs2QWvgvSgDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=598&sig=110107029035550495494&page=2&tbnh=107&tbnw=163&start=19&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:19,i:145&tx=122&ty=70 • http://www.google.com/imgres?start=89&um=1&hl=en&biw=1290&bih=658&tbm=isch&tbnid=C4sKRRafgcCXkM:&imgrefurl=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/gill_arches/epibranchial.html&docid=WvfSn5InEtkJlM&imgurl=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/gill_arches/images/TristychiusRecon.gif&w=500&h=143&ei=QQ2OT7SgBqjW2AXIoemiDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=211&sig=110107029035550495494&page=5&tbnh=56&tbnw=195&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:89,i:31&tx=155&ty=32 • https://www.google.com/search?q=neil+patrick+harris&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=RAKOT4iSDMKcgQfe3Y3yDQ&biw=1290&bih=658&sei=RwKOT560DMjq2QXe_KWfDA • http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lb0tidWR5R1qd8z9zo1_250.gif • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Tunicate_komodo.jpg • http://tolweb.org/Craniata • http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hagfish.jpg • http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3357/3476498612_d29a5984ed.jpg

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