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Lecture Goals

Lecture Goals. Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls on distribution and abundance of zooplankton. Approach to Freshwater Animals.

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Lecture Goals

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  1. Lecture Goals • Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton • Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups • Important controls on distribution and abundance of zooplankton

  2. Approach to Freshwater Animals • Descriptions of major groups, organized taxonomically when possible • Some morphology, but I will focus on life history and ecology • Life History: changes experienced by an individual between birth and death that determine habitat requirements, ecology, and reproductive output • Ecology: interactions among species, or between the focal species (stage) and physical habitat

  3. What are zooplankton? • Microscopic animals that float freely in the water column • Very important as primary consumers – converting energy from phytoplankton to a form that can be used by larger animals • Important food base for secondary consumers, including fish

  4. Major groups of freshwater zooplankton • Rotifers • Cladocerans • Copepods

  5. Rotifers • 50 μm – 3 mm • Smallest metazoan

  6. Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species http://tolweb.org/tree/

  7. Rotifer Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Rotifera Class Order Family Genus Species

  8. Rotifer Diversity **High diversity in morphology

  9. STRESS Cyclical Parthenogenesis*

  10. Resting Eggs

  11. Cyclical Parthenogenesis

  12. Rotifer Life Cycle No Molting → Cell Expansion

  13. Rotifer Colonies

  14. Major groups of freshwater zooplankton • Rotifers • Cladocerans • Copepods

  15. Cladocerans 0.5 mm – 3 mm

  16. Cladoceran Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Orders: Cladocera Family: Daphniidae and Bosminidae Genus Species

  17. Cladoceran Families Daphniidae Bosminidae **High diversity in morphology

  18. Cyclical Parthenogenesis*

  19. Cladoceran Eggs

  20. Cladoceran Life Cycle

  21. Cyclical Parthenogenesis

  22. Ephippium

  23. Cyclical Parthenogenesis

  24. Major groups of freshwater zooplankton • Rotifers • Cladocerans • Copepods

  25. Copepods 1.0 mm – 8.5 mm

  26. Copepod Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Orders: Cyclopoida, Calanodia, Harpacticoid Family Genus Species

  27. Copepod Orders Cyclopoid Calanoid Harpacticoid **Low diversity in morphology

  28. Copepod Egg Sacs Cyclopoid

  29. Copepod Egg Sacs Calanoid

  30. Copepod Egg Sacs Harpacticoid

  31. Copepod Life Cycle

  32. Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance • Temperature  Nutrients • Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton • Vertical Migration • Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles • Predation among Zooplankton

  33. Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance • Temperature  Nutrients • Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton • Vertical Migration • Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles • Predation among Zooplankton

  34. Zoop Distribution and Abundance: Temperature  Nutrients

  35. Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance • Temperature  Nutrients • Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton • Vertical Migration • Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles • Predation among Zooplankton

  36. Zoop Distribution and Abundance: Physical  Phish  Phytoplankton

  37. Zooplankton Population Dynamics

  38. Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance • Temperature  Nutrients • Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton • Vertical Migration • Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles • Predation among Zooplankton

  39. Zoop Distribution and Abundance: Vertical Migration Pattern • Variation with stage and sex • Light is proximal cue • 3 main hypotheses

  40. Vertical Migration Hypotheses: Predation

  41. Vertical Migration Hypotheses: Food Quality

  42. Vertical Migration Hypotheses: High Feeding Efficiency Growth and Feeding Efficiency as a Function of Temperature “Hunt warm, rest cool” High Growth Efficiency

  43. Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance • Temperature  Nutrients • Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton • Vertical Migration • Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles • Predation among Zooplankton

  44. Zoop. Distribution and Abundance: Parthenogenic-Sexual Cycles VS.

  45. Parthenogenic-Sexual Cycles Asplanchna Paramecium + = Amictic ♀♀ Amictic ♀♀

  46. Parthenogenic-Sexual Cycles Chlamydomonas Asplanchna Paramecium + = + Euglena Amictic ♀♀

  47. Enlargement Large Mictic ♀♀ Sex Mictic ♀♀ with “Humps” Parthenogenic-Sexual Cycles Mictic ♀♀ = Mictic ♂♂

  48. Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance • Temperature  Nutrients • Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton • Vertical Migration • Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles • Predation among Zooplankton

  49. Zoop. Distribution and Abundance: Predation among zooplankton

  50. Predation Among Zooplankton Cyclomorphosis

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