Solar

2. Solar I’ll start with the most expensive technology – since it’s still quite interesting. The solar market world-wide is growing at an amazing pace – about 40% per year. It used to be that it was mostly off-grid systems (blue), but in the past few years the on-grid market has taken over. All of these installations are offsetting pollution from centralized power plants. Does Thailand have good solar resource? Just for fun, it’s easy to calculate how much of Thailand’s area covered in solar panels would power the whole country. A solar array 14 km x 14 km could power all of Thailand’s peak electricity demands -- only 0.037% of Thailand’s land area. The peak happens during the middle of the hottest weekday of the year. (you’d have to figure out how to power the country at night). Of course, it makes more sense to put panels on tops of roofs… Here’s an example just a few km from us – on top of the Tesco Lotus at Rama I. I’ll start with the most expensive technology – since it’s still quite interesting. The solar market world-wide is growing at an amazing pace – about 40% per year. It used to be that it was mostly off-grid systems (blue), but in the past few years the on-grid market has taken over. All of these installations are offsetting pollution from centralized power plants. Does Thailand have good solar resource? Just for fun, it’s easy to calculate how much of Thailand’s area covered in solar panels would power the whole country. A solar array 14 km x 14 km could power all of Thailand’s peak electricity demands -- only 0.037% of Thailand’s land area. The peak happens during the middle of the hottest weekday of the year. (you’d have to figure out how to power the country at night). Of course, it makes more sense to put panels on tops of roofs… Here’s an example just a few km from us – on top of the Tesco Lotus at Rama I.

3. Thai population: 65,069,000 Person per household: 5 Households: 13,014,000 System size: 3 kW If 58% of households ? 100% of peak load VSPP subsidy: 8 baht / kWh There is more than enough rooftops in the country to power Thailand’s peak load. Here’s a photo of a typical 3 kW solar electric system sold in Thailand. If one of these was installed on 58% of Thai households, it could produce enough electricity to meet Thailand’s peak load. They’re expensive, though.There is more than enough rooftops in the country to power Thailand’s peak load. Here’s a photo of a typical 3 kW solar electric system sold in Thailand. If one of these was installed on 58% of Thai households, it could produce enough electricity to meet Thailand’s peak load. They’re expensive, though.

4. Thai government solar home program 0.5 min. The Thai government last year started a massive solar home system program, providing a solar panel and battery for each unelectrified household in the country. There’s over 203,000 systems, installed at a cost to tax payers of about $200 million. We’re concerned because there is virtually no maintenance plan, and we’ve noticed a 7% failure over the first year in villages we have surveyed.0.5 min. The Thai government last year started a massive solar home system program, providing a solar panel and battery for each unelectrified household in the country. There’s over 203,000 systems, installed at a cost to tax payers of about $200 million. We’re concerned because there is virtually no maintenance plan, and we’ve noticed a 7% failure over the first year in villages we have surveyed.

5. Wind Hundreds of watts to 5 MW per turbine Now over 15,000 MW in Germany Denmark gets >17% electricity from wind At windy site, US 5 cents/kWh (1.65 baht/kWh) In Thailand: 6 baht/kWh (?) VSPP subsidy: 2.5 baht/kWh (3.5?) 1 MW = 35,000,000 baht Wind energy potential from Thai Ministry of Energy. Cost internationally – US 5 cents/kWh http://www.awea.org/faq/cost.html Wind energy potential from Thai Ministry of Energy. Cost internationally – US 5 cents/kWh http://www.awea.org/faq/cost.html

7. Wind energy – human scale http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy97/23116.pdf http://www.allwindenergy.comhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy97/23116.pdf http://www.allwindenergy.com

8. Micro-hydro technology Micro-hydropower harnesses energy from falling water. Typcially some water is diverted from a stream using a weir. Water is then transported by a channel or pipes to a powerhouse downstream where the pressurized water spins a turbine, generating electricity.Micro-hydropower harnesses energy from falling water. Typcially some water is diverted from a stream using a weir. Water is then transported by a channel or pipes to a powerhouse downstream where the pressurized water spins a turbine, generating electricity.

9. Micro-hydro technology There are many different types of turbines, and their use depends on the height drop and flow at the site. For small projects, it is also possible to use a centrifugal pump running backwards. Installed cost is roughly baht 30,000 to 100,000 per kW.There are many different types of turbines, and their use depends on the height drop and flow at the site. For small projects, it is also possible to use a centrifugal pump running backwards. Installed cost is roughly baht 30,000 to 100,000 per kW.

10. Micro-hydropower is suitable for both grid-connected and off-grid electricity. This 40 kW installation in Mae Kam Pong village in Chiang Mai province is producing electricity that is providing electricity to the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). Eventually revenues from electricity sales will go to the village micro-hydropower cooperative. The project produces about 400,000 baht per year worth of electricity.Micro-hydropower is suitable for both grid-connected and off-grid electricity. This 40 kW installation in Mae Kam Pong village in Chiang Mai province is producing electricity that is providing electricity to the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). Eventually revenues from electricity sales will go to the village micro-hydropower cooperative. The project produces about 400,000 baht per year worth of electricity.

11. This installation in Mae Kam Pong is not connected to the national grid. It provides electricity directly to about 190 village households. This installation is one of 60 built as a joint project between villagers and the DEDE. 2 @ 20 kW (one pelton, one crossflow) Weir: 2 meters high, 15 meters wide Headrace: 300 mm concrete, 470 meters long Penstock: 300 mm steel, 100 meters long Head: 55 meters Max flow: 120 liters/sec Distribution system: 12 km Transmission voltage: 3.5 kV 190 households 3.99 million baht. Finished in year 2526 (1983). 99,725 baht per kW This installation in Mae Kam Pong is not connected to the national grid. It provides electricity directly to about 190 village households. This installation is one of 60 built as a joint project between villagers and the DEDE. 2 @ 20 kW (one pelton, one crossflow) Weir: 2 meters high, 15 meters wide Headrace: 300 mm concrete, 470 meters long Penstock: 300 mm steel, 100 meters long Head: 55 meters Max flow: 120 liters/sec Distribution system: 12 km Transmission voltage: 3.5 kV 190 households 3.99 million baht. Finished in year 2526 (1983). 99,725 baht per kW

12. This is a much smaller installation – a 3 kW installation that uses a centrifugal pump running backwards as a turbine. The installation is at Huai Kra Thing village, Mae Ramat Amphur, in Tak Province. The pump’s motor is run backwards as a generator. This kind of installation requires some custom electronics, but works quite well. An advantage is that repairs to pumps are easy – Thai mechanics are familiar with pumps. Huai Krating, Tak Province, Thailand Power: 3 kW Head: 35 meter Flow: 20 liters/second Cost: 200,000 bahtThis is a much smaller installation – a 3 kW installation that uses a centrifugal pump running backwards as a turbine. The installation is at Huai Kra Thing village, Mae Ramat Amphur, in Tak Province. The pump’s motor is run backwards as a generator. This kind of installation requires some custom electronics, but works quite well. An advantage is that repairs to pumps are easy – Thai mechanics are familiar with pumps. Huai Krating, Tak Province, Thailand Power: 3 kW Head: 35 meter Flow: 20 liters/second Cost: 200,000 baht

13. This is an even smaller installation – generating about 1 kW for a school, clinic, and community center in Kre Khi village, Tha Song Yang amphur, Tak Province. It uses a Chinese turgo, which is available for about 10,000 baht. It uses about 15 liters/second of water, and has a head of about 10 meters. This is an even smaller installation – generating about 1 kW for a school, clinic, and community center in Kre Khi village, Tha Song Yang amphur, Tak Province. It uses a Chinese turgo, which is available for about 10,000 baht. It uses about 15 liters/second of water, and has a head of about 10 meters.

14. This tiny installation generates 200 watts, and powers lights in a youth training center in Baan Klang Luang village, Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai. The turbine, purchased from Vietnam, cost 4,000 baht. It is powered by water falling about 1.7 meters. 3000 baht in Vietnam 2000 baht in Laos 200 watt This tiny installation generates 200 watts, and powers lights in a youth training center in Baan Klang Luang village, Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai. The turbine, purchased from Vietnam, cost 4,000 baht. It is powered by water falling about 1.7 meters. 3000 baht in Vietnam 2000 baht in Laos 200 watt

15. Breakdown of economically viable biomass resource

16. Rice husk fired power plant 9.8 MW Roi Et province VSPP: Subsidy 0.3 baht/kWh

17. Uses waste water from cassava to make methane Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity 3 x 1 MW gas generators VSPP: Subsidy 0.3 baht/kWh Korat Waste to Energy - biogas

18. Biogas from Pig Farms

22. Combined Heat and Power (CHP)… Why? Chom mentioned about combined heat and power. This slide illustrates why it is an important option. Conventional centralized power plants waste most of their energy through smokestacks and cooling towers. Starting out with 100 units of energy, typically only 22 units actually reaces the customer. Chom mentioned about combined heat and power. This slide illustrates why it is an important option. Conventional centralized power plants waste most of their energy through smokestacks and cooling towers. Starting out with 100 units of energy, typically only 22 units actually reaces the customer.

23. Why CHP?

24. Combined Heat and Power (CHP)… also called “cogeneration”

25. Combined Cooling Heat and Power (CCHP) plant at Bangkok’s Suvarnabhumi International Airport

26. The Ministry of Energy as capped SPP CHP at 500 MW. But after opening the doors, 31 projects totaling 2,416 MW applied. Will the Ministry of Energy lift the cap to allow this clean, efficient energy source to play its full role in the power system?The Ministry of Energy as capped SPP CHP at 500 MW. But after opening the doors, 31 projects totaling 2,416 MW applied. Will the Ministry of Energy lift the cap to allow this clean, efficient energy source to play its full role in the power system?

27. Global Distributed Energy Development

28. Thank you! For more information contact: Tel. (+011) 662-672-0364 chris@palangthai.org www.palangthai.org Download presentation slides & documents at: http://www.palangthai.org/docs/index

29. Thai government solar home program 0.5 min. The Thai government last year started a massive solar home system program, providing a solar panel and battery for each unelectrified household in the country. There’s over 203,000 systems, installed at a cost to tax payers of about $200 million. We’re concerned because there is virtually no maintenance plan, and we’ve noticed a 7% failure over the first year in villages we have surveyed.0.5 min. The Thai government last year started a massive solar home system program, providing a solar panel and battery for each unelectrified household in the country. There’s over 203,000 systems, installed at a cost to tax payers of about $200 million. We’re concerned because there is virtually no maintenance plan, and we’ve noticed a 7% failure over the first year in villages we have surveyed.