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Answers: 1. The picture demonstrates a normal, temporary loss of memory.  2. A disorder is different from an experience in that there is a long term loss versus a short term loss, and in an experience the persons identity is not affected.  3. Answers could include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fatigue, and dissociative identity disorder. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Reader’s Guide Main Idea • Dealing with anxiety and stress can lead to somatoform and dissociative disorders.  Objectives • Identify the behavioral patterns that psychologists label as somatoform disorders.  • Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 460 of your textbook.

Reader’s Guide (cont.) Vocabulary • somatoform disorder  • conversion disorder  • dissociative disorder  • dissociative amnesia  • dissociative fugue  • dissociative identity disorder Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 460 of your textbook.

Introduction • Somatoform disorders are characterized by physical symptoms brought about by psychological distress.  • Psychologists may challenge conversion patients, attempting to force them out of the symptoms. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Somatoform Disorders • Anxiety can create a wide variety of physical symptoms for which no physical cause is apparent. • This phenomenon is known as a somatoform disorder, or hysteria.  • Two of the major types of somatoform disorders that psychologists identify are conversion disorders and hypochondriasis. somatoform disorder physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Conversion Disorders • A conversion disorder is the conversion of emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological function. • While the loss of functioning is real, no actual physical damage is present.  • A conversion disorder is not simply a brief loss of functioning due to fright, it persists. conversion disorder changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Conversion Disorders (cont.) • When a person accepts the loss of function with relative calm–called la belle indifférence–it is one sign that a person is suffering from a psychological rather than a physiological problem. • Most psychologists believe that people suffering from conversion disorders unconsciously invent physical symptoms to gain freedom from unbearable conflict.  • Conversion disorders are comparatively rare. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Hypochondriasis • Conversion disorders must be distinguished from hypochondriasis, in which a person who is in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments.  • Hypochondriasis occurs mainly during young adulthood, equally in men and women.  • According to psychoanalytic theory, hypochondriasis occurs when an individual represses emotions and then expresses them symbolically in physical symptoms. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dissociative Disorders • A dissociative disorderinvolves a more significant breakdown in a person’s normal conscious experience, such as a loss of memory or identity. • These psychological phenomena fascinate many people, so we hear a good deal about amnesia and “multiple personalities” though they are very rare. dissociative disorder a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dissociative Disorders (cont.) • Memory loss that has no biological explanation, or dissociative amnesia, may be an attempt to escape from problems by blotting them out completely.  • This amnesia should be distinguished from other losses of memory that result from physical brain damage, normal forgetting, or drug abuse. dissociative amnesia the inability to recall important personal events or information; usually associated with stressful events Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dissociative Disorders (cont.) • In dissociative fugue, another type of dissociative reaction, amnesia is coupled with active flight to a different environment.  • A fugue state may last for days or for decades.  • When the individual comes out of it, they will have no memory from the interim. dissociative fugue a dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dissociative Disorders (cont.) • Fugue, then, is a sort of traveling amnesia, and it probably serves as escape from unbearable conflict or anxiety. • In dissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder), a third type of dissociative disorder, someone seems to have two or more distinct identities, each with its own way of thinking and behaving. dissociative identity disorder a person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dissociative Disorders (cont.) • These different personality states may take control at different times. • Some psychologists believe that this dividing up of the personality is the result of the individual’s effort to escape from a part of herself that she fears.  • It is an extremely rare disorder and people diagnosed with this disorder usually suffered severe physical, psychological, or sexual abuse during childhood. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section Assessment Review the Vocabulary Define and describe three dissociative disorders. Explain how these disorders differ from one another. Dissociative amnesia is the inability to recall important personal events and information. In dissociative fugue, the person unexpectedly leaves his or her home or work and is unable to recall the past. Dissociative identity disorder causes a person to exhibit two or more separate personalities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont.) Visualize the Main Idea Use a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 463 of your textbook to list dissociative disorders. dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont.) Recall Information What is the difference between a conversion disorder and hypochondriasis? In conversion disorder, physiological symptoms such as partial paralysis are caused by emotional difficulties. Hypochondriasis is a disorder in which a healthy person imagines various ailments. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont.) Think Critically Besides anxiety, how might you realize that you are suffering from a somatoform or dissociative disorder? Dissociative disorders could be recognized by “waking up” someplace that is unfamiliar or having someone accuse you of actions taken for which you have no memory. Somatoform disorders may be recognized by unexplainable physical ailments. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section Assessment (cont.) Write an “Unsolved Mysteries” style story about one of the disorders discussed in this section.

Section 3: Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders • Somatoform disorders are psychological problems in which symptoms are focused on the body.  • Dissociative disorders involve a breakdown in a person’s normal conscious experience. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Write about a dissociative experience that you have had.

Munchausen’s Syndrome Read the case study presented on page 464 of your textbook. Be prepared to answer the questions that appear on the following slides. A discussion prompt and additional information follow the questions. Continued on next slide. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

Munchausen’s Syndrome What is Munchausen’s Syndrome? It is a serious disorder in which people will go to extreme lengths to avoid emotional pain. They may create both physical and psychological symptoms to have a physician take care of them. Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

Case Studies 3 Munchausen’s Syndrome What are some possible causes of Munchausen’s Syndrome? A possible cause may be an all-caring or all-rejecting parental relationship that the person attempts to re-create with the physician. Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

Case Studies 4 Munchausen’s Syndrome Critical Thinking Why might a physician or psychologist suspect that someone is suffering from Munchausen’s Syndrome? What is the danger in misdiagnosing this disorder? A physician may suspect the presence of this disorder when a person seeks treatment but refuses to fully cooperate. It may also be suspected when there are a series of self-defined or self-induced symptoms for which the person attempts to be admitted to the hospital. Munchausen’s patients have a tendency to hide their methods poorly. If the disorder is diagnosed but is not really present, the person may not be treated for actual ailments. If the disorder is missed, the person may permanently injure himself or herself. Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

Case Studies 5 Munchausen’s Syndrome Discuss the following: What caused Goodman to suspect Munchausen’s? What types of things do patients do to convince physicians that their symptoms are real? What evidence do they tend to leave of their deceit? Continued on next slide. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

Case Studies 6 Munchausen’s Syndrome In 1994, Kathleen Bush was lauded in a White House ceremony by First Lady Hillary Clinton as an outstanding example of a mother with a very sick child and no medical insurance. Less than two years later, Kathleen Bush was arrested for child abuse. Continued on next slide. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

Case Studies 7 Munchausen’s Syndrome • Her daughter, Jennifer, then 8 years old, had been hospitalized more than 200 times and had undergone 40 operations. • Some accused her of having a disorder known as Munchausen’s by Proxy, which is the creation of physical symptoms in one’s child. • The parent, usually the mother, appears to be seeking attention and sympathy from family, friends, and physicians. Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

Case Studies 8 Munchausen’s Syndrome • In this case, Kathleen Bush was accused of poisoning and infecting her daughter. • Her daughter was put in protective custody by the state and improved rapidly after being removed from her mother’s care. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.

FYI 3.1 Tell students that in her books I’m Eve and A Mind of My Own, the full story of Chris Costner Sizemore is revealed. She suffered from her mental illness from age two and had a total of 22 separate personalities until she was properly treated and brought to full integration by Dr. Anthony Tsitos in 1977.

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