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Basic Biochemistry

Basic Biochemistry. Water, Carbon, and Functional Groups. Water. Abundance of water makes Earth habitable Unique properties. Water Molecules. Polar due to differences in electronegativity Hydrogen bonds form. Properties of Water. Cohesion Adhesion Surface tension. Properties of Water.

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Basic Biochemistry

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  1. Basic Biochemistry Water, Carbon, and Functional Groups

  2. Water • Abundance of water makes Earth habitable • Unique properties

  3. Water Molecules • Polar due to differences in electronegativity • Hydrogen bonds form

  4. Properties of Water • Cohesion • Adhesion • Surface tension

  5. Properties of Water • (What is temperature?) • High specific heat • Evaporative cooling • Good solvent

  6. Interactions with Water • Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic

  7. Carbon • Can bond to 4 other atoms • Carbon chains can be long, be branched, or be circular • Hydrocarbon chains

  8. Functional Groups • Most commonly involved in reactions • Types: • Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate • Chart pg. 64-65

  9. ATP • Adenosine triphosphate used for energy transfer • ADP + Pi↔ ATP

  10. Macromolecules

  11. Review • What are the four essential macromolecules in the cell? • What are their structures? • What are their functions?

  12. Macromolecules • Can be 10,000s of atoms • Polymers: linked chain of monomers • Variation in sequence is major difference

  13. Dehydration Synthesis • Removal of water to link two monomers • Requires energy and help of enzymes • Hydrolysis breaks bonds (ex. Digestion)

  14. Carbohydrates • Sugars and their polymers • Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides • Monosaccharides (-ose) can have three-seven carbons • Chain or ring forms

  15. Carbohydrates • Glucose (C6H12O6) and Sucrose (C12H22O11) are most common • Polysaccharide uses: storage or structure

  16. Carbohydrates • Starch = helical polymer of glucose (in plants) • Glycogen = more branched; stored in liver/muscle cells • Cellulose = most abundant organic compound • Never branched. Hydrogen bonding to nearby cellulose molecules. Microfibrils are structurally strong. • Chitin = fungi structures; exoskeletons

  17. Lipids • Fats, steroids, phospholipids • Hydrophobic • Fats = glycerol (3-C alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbons) • Saturated vs. unsaturated • Primarily energy storage

  18. Lipids • Phospholipids = glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate • Partially hydrophilic, partially hydrophobic • Lipid bilayer membranes

  19. Lipids • Steroids = four fused rings • Cholesterol, many hormones

  20. Proteins • Most structurally complex • See chart pg. 78 for types • Enzymes catalyze reactions • 20 different amino acids combine to create a polypeptide

  21. Proteins • Amino acids linked through peptide bonds in unique sequence • Proteins consist of multiple polypeptides • Function relies on proteins recognizing/bonding to other molecules

  22. Protein Structure • PRIMARY: amino acid sequence • SECONDARY: α helix or β pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonding of C-N backbone

  23. Protein Structure • TERTIARY: interactions between ‘R’ groups (ionic, hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic/phobic) • QUATERNARY: multiple polypeptide chains overlapping • Denaturing…

  24. Nucleic Acids • DNA/RNA • Direct protein synthesis • Nucleotides  polynucleotides • Pyrimidines (T, U, G) vs. purines (C, A)

  25. Nucleic Acids • Antiparallel double helix • 5’: phosphate • 3’: C-OH • Replication, transcription, translation

  26. Phosphodiester Bond

  27. Overview • Higher levels of organization result in new, more complex properties. • The structure of each macromolecule relates specifically to its function.

  28. Self-Quiz, Chapter 5 Macromolecules

  29. 1 • Which term includes all others in the list? • Monosaccharide • Disaccharide • Starch • Carbohydrate • Polysaccharide

  30. 2 • Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? • They are more common in animals than plants. • They have double bonds I the carbon chains of their fatty acids • They generally solidify at room temperature. • They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. • They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.

  31. 3 • The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the • Primary level. • Secondary level. • Tertiary level. • Quaternary level. • All structural levels are equally affected.

  32. 4 • Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal helix DNA? • 5’-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3’ with 5’-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5’ • 5’-A-G-C-T-3’ with 5’-T-C-G-A-3’ • 5’-G-C-G-C-3’ with 5’-T-A-T-A-3’ • 5’-A-T-G-C-3’ with 5’-G-C-A-T-3’ • 1, 2, and 4 are all correct.

  33. 5 • Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? • The two strands of DNA would separate. • The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. • The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. • The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugar. • All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

  34. 6 • Which of the following is not a protein? • Hemoglobin • Cholesterol • An antibody • An enzyme • insulin

  35. 7 • Which of the following statements about the 5’ end of a polynucleotide strand is correct? • The 5’ end had a hydroxyl group. • The 5’ end has a phosphate group. • The 5’ end is identical to the 3’ end. • The 5’ end is antiparallel to the 3’ end. • The 5’ end is in the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.

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