Ch.5&6: Sensation & Perception

1. Sensation Thresholds Vision Hearing Smell, Taste, Touch, and Pain Perception Top down vs bottom up Selective attention Illusions (visual capture) Gestalt Figure-ground Binocular cues Monocular cues Motion perception Constancies Deprivation vs Adaptation Perceptual Set Context Effects Ch.5&6: Sensation & Perception

2. Thresholds • Absolute Threshold • Difference Threshold • Signal Detection Theory • Gustav Fechner • Similar to Weber’s law except mental intensity

3. Transduction Accommodation Nearsighted vs. Farsighted Vision

4. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory Opponent Process Feature Detectors Parallel processing Color and Processing

5. Place Theory vs. Frequency Theory Conduction vs. Sensorineural hearing loss Hearing

6. Pain: Gate-Control Theory Body Position: vestibular sense vs. kinesthesis Sensory interaction Other Senses

7. Top Down vs. Bottom Up

8. Inattentional Blindness Cocktail Party Effect Selective Attention

9. Wundt-Jastrow Muller Lyer Visual Capture

10. Gestalt

11. Figure Ground

12. Depth perception Retinal Disparity Convergence Binocular Cues

13. Monocular Cues

14. Phi Phenomenon Motion Perception

15. Perceptual Constancy

16. Deprivation & Adaptation • Deprivation: lose a sense and it is difficult to get back • Adaptation: (in vision only) can adjust to loss of depth perception

17. Perceptual Set Perceptual Context Human Factors Perceptual Interpretation

18. Ch.8: Learning • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Observational Learning • Cognitive Learning

19. US UR CS CR Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Classical: Pavlov

20. Classical: Others • Watson: Baby Albert • Garcia: Aversion = • Rescorla: Strong Prediction = Stronger CR

21. He built his ideas off of the law of effect (Thorndike) Shaping Overjustification Operant: Skinner

22. Reinforcement (increases behavior) Positive Negative Continuous Partial/intermittent Punishment (decreases behavior) Positive Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment

23. Modeling Bobo doll Social: Bandura

24. Latent Learning (Tolman) Cognitive maps Learned helplessness Cognitive

25. Biological Predispositions • Helpful for survival: • Aversions- good to know food that is bad for you • Operant Shaping- tough to shape someone away from natural learning (attachment for example)

26. Ch.9: Memory • Models of Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • Forgetting

27. Encode Store Retrieve Sensory Short-Term Long-Term Models of Memory

28. Encoding

29. Types of Encoding • Rehearsal (Ebbinghaus- amount remembered = time on learning) • Spacing effect • Serial position (primacy and recency effect) • Von Restorff effect: 5 golden rings! • Mnemonics: MVEMJSUNP • Chunking, hierarchies- phone numbers, remembering presidents • Key word method: broca. . .boca • Pegword method: 1 is a bun. . . • Method of loci: objects around house • Self-reference effect: take the “Hajj” to go to dinner • Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic (semantic is most remembered!)

30. Storage • Short Term (20-30 seconds) • Miller: magic number 7 • Long Term (unlimited) • Sensory • Iconic (remember what we see) • Echoic (remember what we hear)

31. Other Types of Memory • Eidetic • photographic • Procedural • Riding a bike • State Dependent/Mood Congruent • Remember when we are in the same mood • Context Dependent • Remember when we are in the same context (setting) • Flashbulb • Car crash, 9/11

32. Retrieval • Recall (fill-in-blanks) vs. Recognition (multiple choice) • Implicit (without conscious recall, riding a bike) • Explicit (conscious recall, info for a test)

33. Forgetting • Amnesia • Retrograde: can’t remember before crash • Anterograde: can’t remember after crash • Interference • Proactive: difficulty remembering new info • Retroactive: difficulty remembering old info • Memory Construction (Loftus) • How an event is framed can lead to incorrect memory • Schemas can lead to incorrect memory construction • Repression, absent mindedness, blocking

34. Thinking Concepts Problem Solving Impediments to Problem Solving Apes Language How we learn/Structure Ch.10: Thinking/Language

35. Concepts • Concept- mental image • Prototype- best example (superman)

36. Problem Solving • Algorithm- rubric’s cube • Heuristics- trial and error • Insight- ah ha!

37. Impediments • Fixation (wheel of fortune) • Functional Fixedness (screwdriver to hammer in nail) • Mental Set (O T T F F S) • Representativeness Heuristics (poetry reader) • Availability Heuristics (letter “K”) • Framing (salesmen) • Bias • Confirmation Bias (support what you already know) • Belief Perseverance (still believing 9/11 is a conspiracy)

38. Kohler Thinking/insight in apes Sultan (ape) story Apes

39. How We Learn • Chomsky- Language Acquisition Device • Phoneme • Bat (3) • Morpheme • Unprepared (3) • Syntax • Adjectives before nouns • Overgeneralization • Yesterday, I goed to the store.

40. Ch.11: Intelligence • Theories • Testing Intelligence • Extremes • Good Tests

41. One General Intelligence Spearman Multiple Intelligences Gardner Triarchic Theory Sternberg Main Theories

42. Other Theories • Fluid vs. Crystallized • Fluid: solve problems quickly (declines with age) • Crystallized: retained info (increases with age) • Emotional Intelligence • Works off of Gardner

43. Testing Intelligence • Binet- developed 1st intelligence test • Terman- developed Stanford-Binet which calculates IQ • IQ: mental age ÷ chronological age x 100 • Wechsler- developed modern intelligence tests • WISC and WAIS

44. Extremes • Gifted • Mental Retardation • IQ below 70 • Down Syndrome • Caused by extra chromosome • Savant • Mentally retarded but excel in one area

45. Good Tests • Standard: same limits/instructions (looking for normal bell curve) • Reliable: consistent results • Valid: measures or predicts what it is supposed to • Content and predictive validity

46. Achievement vs. Aptitude • Achievement- what you have learned • Aptitude- predict future performance