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Storage of Semantic Information. Storage of Episodic Information. Schema Theory (Shank, 1975) - embodies Bartlett’s (1932) notion of effort after meaning and emphasises the role of past experience and expectation. Connectionist approach (Collins & Quillian, 1969)
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Storage of Semantic Information Storage of Episodic Information • Schema Theory (Shank, 1975) • - embodies Bartlett’s (1932) notion of effort after meaning and emphasises the role of past experience and expectation. • Connectionist approach (Collins & Quillian, 1969) • operational version of Bower’s (1967) Multiple Trace Theory emphasising a network of associations examples
Schema Theory What is a Schema? “A mental model or representation built up through experience about a person, an object, a situation, or an event.” (Head, 1920) “Organised structures that capture knowledge and expectations of some aspect of the world.” (Bartlett, 1932)
Excerpt from ‘War of the Ghosts’(Bartlett, 1932) • … and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. • And he told everybody and said, “Behold, I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to a fight. • Many of our fellows were killed, • And many of those who attacked us were killed. • And they said I was hit • And I did not feel sick.” • He told it all, • And they be became quiet. • When the sun rose, he fell down. • Something black came out of his mouth. • His face became contorted. • The people jumped up and cried. • He was dead.
Excerpt from ‘War of the Ghosts’(Bartlett, 1932) • … and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. • And he told everybody and said, “Behold, I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to a fight. • Many of our fellows were killed, • And many of those who attacked us were killed. • And they said I was hit • And I did not feel sick.” • He told it all, • And they be became quiet. • When the sun rose, he fell down. • Something black came out of his mouth. • His face became contorted. • The people jumped up and cried. • He was dead.
Excerpt from ‘War of the Ghosts’(Bartlett, 1932) • … and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. • And he told everybody and said, “Behold, I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to a fight. • Many of our fellows were killed, • And many of those who attacked us were killed. • And they said I was hit • And I did not feel sick.” • He told it all, • And they be became quiet. • When the sun rose, he fell down. • Something black came out of his mouth. • His face became contorted. • The people jumped up and cried. • He was dead.
Excerpt from ‘War of the Ghosts’(Bartlett, 1932) • … and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. • And he told everybody and said, “Behold, I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to a fight. • Many of our fellows were killed, • And many of those who attacked us were killed. • And they said I was hit • And I did not feel sick.” • He told it all, • And they be became quiet. • When the sun rose, he fell down. • Something black came out of his mouth. • His face became contorted. • The people jumped up and cried. • He was dead.
Excerpt from ‘War of the Ghosts’(Bartlett, 1932) • … and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. • And he told everybody and said, “Behold, I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to a fight. • Many of our fellows were killed, • And many of those who attacked us were killed. • And they said I was hit • And I did not feel sick.” • He told it all, • And they be became quiet. • When the sun rose, he fell down. • Something black came out of his mouth. • His face became contorted. • The people jumped up and cried. • He was dead.
The Structure of Schemata • Core Variables • - Things that define the event • Other Variables • - Things that can vary from one experience of the event to another • Sequence and Slots • Default Variables • - Based on prior experience and expectations. stories
The Importance of Schema-Activation Bransford & Johnson (1972) Expt 2: Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 11, 717-726. stories
Advantages of the Schema • Guides attention, selection, encoding and retrieval of information • Helps integrate current information with past information • Helps interpret and understand event through insertion of default variables • Helps retrieval by recall being schema-driven. errors
Limitations of the Schema Model • Definition of Schema • How can a schema be defined without circularity of argument? • Schema Selection and Retrieval • -How is the most appropriate schema selected and retrieved? Have we not merely re-stated the question of how LTM is organised and recalled? • Contrary Evidence • - How can we explain the instances of vivid recall of schema- inconsistent details or events?
