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Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer. Jordan Liz Donte Bland Mentor: Dr. Thomas Brennan Co-Mentor: Mrs. Joan McMahon Bronx Community College Hartwick College Murry Bergtraum High School. Anatomy Of A Breast.

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Breast Cancer

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  1. Breast Cancer Jordan Liz Donte Bland Mentor: Dr. Thomas Brennan Co-Mentor: Mrs. Joan McMahon Bronx Community College Hartwick College Murry Bergtraum High School

  2. Anatomy Of A Breast • Breast profile:A DuctsB LobulesC Dilated section of duct to hold milkD NippleE FatF Pectoralis major muscleG Chest wall/rib cage • EnlargementA Normal duct cellsB Basement membraneC Lumen (center of duct)

  3. What Is Breast Cancer? • Cancer is caused when the body’s natural regulators do not work properly; this causes cells to live longer than normal. Eventually, this results in cell growth exceeding cell death. Those cells continue to divide without normal control and make a mass of extra tissue, or a tumor. If the tumor is benign, then it is not cancerous; however, if it becomes malignant then the person has cancer. When this occurs within the breast, it causes breast cancer.

  4. Symptoms • Presence of lump or area that feels significantly different from the surrounding tissue • Change in size of breast • Change in skin over breast, such as dimpling • Redness of the skin over the breast • Liquid discharging from nipple (usually blood), but not milk • Breast pain or discomfort • Swelling of arm(s) • Weight loss

  5. Risk Factors • Age (People over 50 years old are more likely to develop breast cancers) • Gender (Women are much more likely to develop breast cancer) • Family History (Higher risk of breast cancer if a close relative had it) • Genetics (Certain gene defects can increase chance of acquiring breast cancer up to 80%) • Menstrual Cycle (Women who get their periods early, before age of 12, or went through menopause late, after age of 55, are at a greater risk)

  6. Statistics

  7. Statistics (Cont’d) • For women in the US, breast cancer is the second deadliest type of cancer (after lung cancer) • There are about 2.5 million women in the US who have survived breast cancer • 90% of cancers are due to genetic defects, not heredity factors

  8. Bioinformatics • Bioinformatics is a field of science that combines elements of biology, computer science and information technology into one discipline. • It involves analyzing and interpreting biological data to create molecular modeling, discover genes, assign function(s) to genes, and establish relationship between genes and proteins.

  9. Breast Cancer Encoding Genes and Proteins • The two genes responsible for breast cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2 if a mutation occurs in both of them. • Two proteins that interact with breast cancer, such as HER2 and HER4.

  10. BRCA1 Chromosome 17Location: 17q21 • Stands for Breast Cancer 1, early onset • Its purpose is to suppress cell growth, aid in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and control and overall stability to genetic information. • Mutations in this gene can lead to breast, ovarian, prostate and other types of cancer. • Mutations to the gene can be caused by natural or medical radiations, environmental exposures, or while interacting with other chromosomes.

  11. BRCA2 Chromosome 13 Location: 13q12.3 • Stands for Breast Cancer 2, early onset • Its serves the same function as BRCA1 and a mutation in this gene increases one’s risk at acquiring certain types of cancers. • It is important to note that breast cancer occurs when a mutation in both genes occurs, however, if one gene mutates the other has a greater chance of mutating as well.

  12. Breast Cancer (BRCA) Gene Test • Uses a blood sample to identify whether BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 has been mutated. • Administered only to women who at a very high risk of attaining breast cancer. • Determines whether or not the patient is a carrier for the mutation and their own estimated risk level for getting breast cancer, or if they are safe.

  13. HER2 • Stands for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 • Helps control cell growth, divide and reparation • If the protein is over-expressed, then a patient can acquire a type of breast cancer known as HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer • The over-expression causes cancer cells to grow and spread more quickly. • Patients with HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer have a more aggressive disease and has a greater rate of recurrence than a HER-2 Negative Breast Cancer

  14. HER4 • Stands for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-4 • It serves the same function as HER2 • HER4 has been linked with positive and negative effects on breast cancer • Some research claims that HER4 has been able to suppress the mutation caused by BRCA1 and BRCA2 • Other studies claim that HER4 makes the breast cancer more severe, but not as aggressive as HER2 makes it.

  15. Procedure for BLAST • Go to the National Center for Biotechnology Information website, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov • Search for the gene that you wish to BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) • Afterwards, go to “Nucleotide,” there you will the nucleotide sequenced • Copy the sequence (you will need it shortly) • Go the NCBI homepage and click on BLAST on the top of the screen • Select Nucleotide BLAST • Paste the sequence that you copied earlier and perform the BLAST • The process could take anywhere from a few seconds to a couple of minutes, depending on the sequence.

  16. Reasons for BLAST • BLAST, or Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, enables researchers to compare gene sequences of one animal against those of a different organism to determine their similarity.

  17. BLAST Results for BRCA1(Homo Sapiens) • Equus Caballus (horse) • Pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee)

  18. BLAST Results for BRCA1 Cont’d • Bos taurus (cattle) • Sus scrofa (pig)

  19. Scientific Implications • Studying these genes can lead to the discovery of the cause of their mutation and hopefully a means to reverse or diminish the mutation. • Also, further research may result in conclusive data concerning HER4’s effect to breast cancer. • In the past, scientists have studied breast cancers in mice and were able to cure it, however, the same techniques had no effect on human breast cancer.

  20. Treatment • There is no cure for breast cancer. • Breast cancer treatment include: • Chemotherapy (w/ stem cell transplant) • Radiation therapy • Hormone therapy • Medication • Tykerb • Herceptin • Avastin • Surgery • Total mastectomy • Modified radical mastectomy • Radical mastectomy

  21. Conclusion • Breast cancer is an incurable cancer that affects thousands of Americans each year. • It has no cure, but scientist have been able to cure it in other animals. • New bioinformatics tools can lead to discovery of cure or more effective treatment.

  22. References • American Cancer Society (2005). "Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006" (PDF). http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005BrFacspdf2005.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.  • WHO international Agency for Research on Cancer Press Release No. 180, December 2007. • Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN (November 1995). "Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors". Journal of the National Cancer Institute87 (22): 1681–5. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.22.1681. PMID 7473816.  • Venkitaraman AR (January 2002). "Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2". Cell108 (2): 171–82. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00615-3. PMID 11832208.  • Cavalieri E, Chakravarti D, Guttenplan J, et al. (August 2006). "Catechol estrogen quinones as initiators of breast and other human cancers: implications for biomarkers of susceptibility and cancer prevention". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1766 (1): 63–78. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.03.001. PMID 16675129.  • Foray, Nicolas; Marot Didier, Randrianarison Voahangy, Venezia Nicole Dalla, Picard Didier, Perricaudet Michel, Favaudon Vincent, Jeggo Penny (Jun. 2002). "Constitutive association of BRCA1 and c-Abl and its ATM-dependent disruption after irradiation". Mol. Cell. Biol. (United States) 22 (12): 4020-32. ISSN 0270-7306. PMID 12024016.  • Cable, P LouAnn; Wilson Cindy A, Calzone Frank J, Rauscher Frank J, Scully Ralph, Livingston David M, Li Leping, Blackwell Courtney B, Futreal P Andrew, Afshari Cynthia A (Oct. 2003). "Novel consensus DNA-binding sequence for BRCA1 protein complexes". Mol. Carcinog. (United States) 38 (2): 85-96. doi:10.1002/mc.10148. ISSN 0899-1987. PMID 14502648.  • Yan, Jinghua; Zhu Jianhua, Zhong Hongjun, Lu Qiujun, Huang Cuifen, Ye Qinong (Oct. 2003). "BRCA1 interacts with FHL2 and enhances FHL2 transactivation function". FEBS Lett. (Netherlands) 553 (1-2): 183-9. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 14550570.  • Yan, Jing-Hua; Ye Qi-Nong, Zhu Jian-Hua, Zhong Hong-Jun, Zheng Hui-Yong, Huang Cui-Fen (Dec. 2003). "[Isolation and characterization of a BRCA1-interacting protein]". Yi Chuan Xue Bao (China) 30 (12): 1161-6. ISSN 0379-4172. PMID 14986435.  • Zou JP, Hirose Y, Siddique H, Rao VN, Reddy ES (1999). "Structure and expression of variant BRCA2a lacking the transactivation domain". Oncology reports6 (2): 437–40. PMID 10023017.  • Venkitaraman AR (2001). "Chromosome stability, DNA recombination and the BRCA2 tumour suppressor". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.13 (3): 338–43. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00217-9. PMID 11343905.  • Orelli BJ, Bishop DK (2001). "BRCA2 and homologous recombination". Breast Cancer Res.3 (5): 294–8. doi:10.1186/bcr310. PMID 11597317.  • Daniel DC (2002). "Highlight: BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins in breast cancer". Microsc. Res. Tech.59 (1): 68–83. doi:10.1002/jemt.10178. PMID 12242698.  • Tutt A, Ashworth A (2003). "The relationship between the roles of BRCA genes in DNA repair and cancer predisposition". Trends in molecular medicine8 (12): 571–6. doi:10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02434-6. PMID 12470990.

  23. Acknowledgments • Mentor: Thomas Brennan • Co-Mentor: Joan McMahon • Eric Konadu • Bronx Community College • National Science Foundation • Harlem Children Society • Dr. Sat Bhattacharya • HCS Staff • Rockefeller University • All of you for listening

  24. Any Questions?

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