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First Aid Procedures: Victim Assessment, Choking, Rescue Breathing, and CPR

Learn the steps to take when checking a victim, as well as first aid procedures for choking, rescue breathing, shock, CPR, heart attack, wounds, poisoning, and stroke.

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First Aid Procedures: Victim Assessment, Choking, Rescue Breathing, and CPR

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  1. What You’ll Learn 1. Discuss steps to take when checking a victim. 2. Explain first aid procedures for choking. 3. Explain first aid procedures for rescue breathing. 4. Explain first aid procedures for shock. 5. Explain first aid procedures for CPR.

  2. What You’ll Learn 6. Describe first aid procedures for heart attack. 7. Describe first aid procedures for wounds. 8. Explain first aid procedures for poisoning and stroke.

  3. Key Terms • tetanus • nosebleed • victim assessment • universal distress signal • abdominal thrusts • rescue breathing • shock • cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) • cardiac arrest • laceration

  4. Checking a Victim • Emergency first aid procedures are actions taken when a person is seriously injured or suddenly becomes ill. • A victim assessment is a check of the injured or medically ill person to determine if certain conditions are present.

  5. Checking a Victim • Performing a victim assessment includes making sure that the victim has an open airway, the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating. • Performing a victim assessment also includes checking to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries.

  6. What to Know About Checking a Victim • Call the emergency number.  • A victim who is able to speak to you is breathing and has a pulse. • If the victim does not respond, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.

  7. What to Know About Checking a Victim

  8. Choking • Choking is an emergency in which the airway is blocked. • A conscious victim will cough to try to dislodge the piece of food or object that is blocking his or her airway.

  9. First Aid for Choking • If a victim can talk, the victim is getting enough air and should be encouraged to continue trying to cough up the object. • If the victim cannot get enough air to talk or cough, or the cough is very weak, the airway is completely blocked. • The universal distress signal is a warning that a person is having difficulty breathing and is shown by clutching at the throat with one or both hands.

  10. First Aid for Choking • Abdominal thrusts are a series of thrusts to the abdomen that force air from the lungs to dislodge an object. • The method of giving abdominal thrusts is different for adults, children, and infants.

  11. First Aid for Choking What to Do if You are Choking  1. If possible, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. If you cannot speak, do not hang up. The emergency dispatcher can trace your call and send an ambulance to your location. Be aware that an emergency dispatcher cannot trace a call made from a cellular phone. Use a regular telephone if at all possible. 2. Get the attention of someone around you. Use the universal distress signal if you are unable to speak.

  12. First Aid for Choking What to Do if You are Choking 3. Give yourself abdominal thrusts if no one can help you. Make a fist with one hand, and grab the fist with your other hand. Give yourself five quick abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push up toward your diaphragm in one smooth movement. Repeat until the object is dislodged. 4. If a sturdy chair is available, push your body against the back of the chair, pushing between the waist and ribs. Hold onto the chair with your hands to push yourself back up. Repeat until the object is dislodged.

  13. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Conscious and Choking • Call the emergency number.  • To obtain medical care immediately, call the local emergency number. • Do not do anything if the victim can speak or cough easily. • Encourage the victim to continue coughing to dislodge the object.

  14. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Conscious and Choking 1. If the victim is conscious but cannot speak, breathe, or cough, stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around the victim’s waist. Make a fist with one hand. Place the thumb side of the fist into the victim’s abdomen above the navel and below the rib cage. Grab your fist with the other hand.

  15. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Conscious and Choking 2. Give five quick abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push up toward the victim’s diaphragm in one smooth movement. Repeat the cycle of five abdominal thrusts until the object is dislodged. The victim may need rescue breathing after the object is dislodged. Stay with the victim and watch for breathing difficulties. Rescue breathing is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.

  16. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 2. Roll the victim onto his or her back. Open the victim’s airway by lifting the victim’s chin while tilting the head back. Find the lower part of the victim’s breastbone and measure up the width of two fingers from that point. 3. Place the heel of your other hand directly over the heel of the first hand and interlock your fingers. Do not let your fingers touch the victim’s chest.

  17. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking 4. Position your shoulders over your hand and lock your elbows straight. Exert pressure straight down. Compress the chest 15 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. 5. Look for an object in the victim’s mouth. If you see one, remove it. Place a face mask or a shield over the victim’s face. Place your mouth over the mask and give two slow breaths.

  18. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking 6. If air goes in and the victim’s chest rises, provide rescue breathing. If air does not go in, repeat the cycle of 15 chest compressions, a check for an object in the victim’s mouth, and two breaths until the object is dislodged.

  19. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Infant or Young Child is Choking 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately, whether the infant or young child is conscious or unconscious. 2. If the victim is coughing or crying, do not interfere. Coughing can help clear an airway. If the infantor young childhas stopped coughing and theobject has not come out, place the victim face up on your upper leg. Make certain that the victim’s head is lower than the rest of the victim’s body. Press two or three fingers in the center of the breastbone. Give five quick chest thrusts.

  20. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Infant or Young Child is Choking 3. If the infant or young child cannot cough, cry, or breathe, place the victim face down on your forearm or upper leg. Support the victim’s head by placing your hand around the lower jaw and chest. Use the heel of your other hand and give five quick blows to the victim’s back between the shoulder blades.

  21. First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Infant or Young Child is Choking 4. Repeat chest thrusts and back blows until the object is dislodged. After each set of five chest thrusts and back blows, try to breathe into the mouth and nose of the infant or young child. If air goes in, provide rescue breathing. If not, continue giving another set of back blows and thrusts. 5. If the infant or young child is unconscious and choking, use the chest compressions/rescue breaths first aid technique described in “What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking.”

  22. Rescue Breathing • A victim will become unconscious if he or she is without oxygen for only a few minutes. • If the body is without oxygen, eventually the heart will stop beating and the victim will die. • Rescue breathing is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing, but who has a pulse. • Rescue breathing gives a victim the oxygen needed to stay alive.

  23. What to Know About Rescue Breathing • Adults and children 1. Apply the rim of the mask between the victim’s lower lip and chin, thus pulling back the lower lip to keep the mouth open under the mask. 2. Position the end marked “nose” over the victim’s nose. Seal the mask. 3. Open the victim’s airway and blow slowly. 4. Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 5. Continue until the chest rises.If the victim vomits, remove themaskand clear the victim’s airway.Reapply the mask.

  24. What to Know About Rescue Breathing • Infants • Follow the same procedures, except reverse the mask so the end marked “nose” is under the infant’s chin.

  25. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 2. Roll the victim on his or her back. Tilt the victim’s head back in the following way: Place one hand under the victim’s chin and lift up while pressing down on the victim’s forehead with your other hand. 3. Check to see if the victim has a pulse. To do this, use the hand that is supporting the chin to locate the Adam’s apple. Slide the tips of your fingers down into the groove beside the Adam’s apple, and feel for a pulse.

  26. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 4. If the victim has a pulse, proceed with rescue breathing. Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Pinch the victim’s nostrils shut. 5. Use a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. Open the victim’s airway. Breathe slowly into the victim, giving two slow breaths. 6. Remove your mouth between breaths. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises.

  27. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 7. Check the victim for signs of circulation. Signs of circulation include a response to the two breaths that you have delivered, such as normal breathing, coughing, or movement. They also include the presence of a pulse. 8. If the victim has a pulse, but is not breathing normally, give one slow, gentle breath, about every 5 seconds. 9. Each breath should last about 2 seconds. 10. Remove your mouth after each breath so the victim can exhale.

  28. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 11. Watchtoseeif thevictim’schestrises. 12. Check for signs of circulation and breathing every minute. 13. Continue rescue breathing as long as the victim is not breathing, but has a pulse. 14. If the victim does not have signs of circulation, the heart is not beating. Adults who stop breathing may have cardiac arrest and need cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

  29. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children • Tips for Rescue Breathing  • If possible, call for help or send someone for help before beginning rescue breathing. • Before beginning rescue breathing, do not loosen clothing or attempt to warm the victim. • Unless the victim is lying in a dangerous area, do not move the victim. • Be sure to get permission before caring for a conscious victim.

  30. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately for an unconscious infant or child known to be at risk for heart problems. 2. If you are alone, provide 1 minute of care, then call the local emergency number quickly if the victim is younger than eight, is a drowning victim, or is a victim of cardiac arrest due to trauma or drug overdose. 3. Roll the victim on his or her back.

  31. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 4. Tilt the victim’s head back slightly. For an infant, the head should be tilted so the ears are lined up with the shoulders. 5. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. 6. Pinch a child’s nose and cover the mouth if the mask permits. 7. For an infant, cover the mouth and nose with your mouth.

  32. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 8. Give two slow breaths. Each breath should be slow and gentle, lasting about 1½ seconds. 9. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises. 10. Remove your mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 11. Check the victim for signs of circulation. Signs of circulation include a response to the two breaths that you have delivered, such as normal breathing, coughing, or movement, and a pulse.

  33. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 12. If the victim has a pulse, but is not breathing, give one slow breath about every 3 seconds. Remove your mouth after each breath so the victim can exhale. 13. Check for signs of circulation and breathing every minute. Continue rescue breathing, and look, listen, and feel for signs of circulation. Look for normal breathing, coughing, or movement in response to rescue breaths. Feel for a pulse.

  34. How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 14. If the victim does not have signs of circulation (no response), the heart is not beating. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is needed. • Breathing barrier • Try to always use a barrier between you and the victim to reduce the risk of disease transmission when giving breaths.

  35. Shock • Any serious injury or illness can lead to shock. • Shock is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body tissues. • Shock can lead to collapse, coma, and death if untreated. • Signs of shock include rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.

  36. What to Know About First Aid for Shock 1. Call the local emergency number and immediately obtain medical care for the victim. 2. Have the victim lie down. 3. Elevate the victim’s legs about 8 to 12 inches above heart level, unless you suspect head, neck, or back injuries or broken bones in the hips or legs. 4. Leave the victim lying flat if you are unsure of the victim’s injuries. 5. Improve the victim’s circulation by following the ABCs of caring for a shock victim.

  37. What to Know About First Aid for Shock Airway  Keep the airway open. Breathing  Perform rescue breathing if necessary. Remember to use a face mask or a shield. Circulation  If you have completed CPR training, perform CPR if the victim has no pulse. 6. Control external bleeding. Wear protective gloves. 7. Help the victim maintain normal body temperature. Cover the victim with a blanket if he or she is cold. Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink.

  38. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a first aid technique used to restore heartbeat and breathing. • CPR should be used only if you are trained to use it.

  39. How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 1. Make a victim assessment. Use the ABCs of CPR to help you determine the need for CPR. Airway  Open the victim’s airway. Breathing  Perform rescue breathing if breathing has stopped. Circulation  Perform CPR if a pulse is absent. Also, check to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries.  2. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.

  40. How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 3. Roll the victim on his or her back.  4. Find the lower part of the victim’s breastbone and measure up the width of two fingers from that point. 5. Place the heel of your other hand on the sternum next to the fingers. Place the heel of the otherhanddirectlyovertheheelofthefirsthand.Interlock your fingers. Do not let them touch the victim’s chest. 6. Position your shoulders over your hands and lock your elbows straight. Exert pressure straight down. Compress the chest 15 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute.

  41. How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 7. Exert enough pressure to depress the breastbone 1½ to 2 inches. Each compression forces blood from the heart to other parts of the body. 8. Use a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. 9. Open the airway. Place your mouth on the mask that is over the victim’s face. Give two slow breaths.

  42. How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 10. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises. 11. Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 12. Do three more sets of 15 compressions and two slow breaths. 13. Check for signs of circulation and whether the victim is breathing. Signs of circulation include normal breathing, coughing, movement in response to rescue breaths, and a pulse.

  43. How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 14. If a victim is breathing, put him or her in the recovery position (on side); ensure airway is open. 15. If the victim does not have signs of circulation, continue sets of 15 compressions and two slow breaths. Chest compression should be at a rate of 100 compressions per minute.

  44. How to Give CPR to Young Children 1. Make a victim assessment. Be sure that the victim has an open airway, the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating. Also, check to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries. 2. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 3. Roll the victim on his or her back.  4. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the victim’s breastbone.

  45. How to Give CPR to Young Children 5. Position your shoulders over your hand to exert pressure straight down. 6. Compress the chest five times at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. 7. Wear a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. 8. Open the airway. Place your mouth on the mask that is over the victim’s face. Give one slow breath. 9. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises.

  46. How to Give CPR to Young Children 10. Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 11. Repeat sets of five compressions and one slow breath for about 1 minute (12 sets). 12. Check for signs of circulation and whether the victim is breathing. Signs of circulation include a pulse and normal breathing, coughing, or movement in response to CPR.

  47. How to Give CPR to Young Children 13. If the victim does not have a pulse, continue sets of five compressions and one slow breath. 14. Recheck pulse and breathing every few minutes. 15. If the victim is unconscious but is breathing, place the victim on his or her side in the recovery position. In the recovery position, a victim will have the hand of the upper arm tucked under the chin to keep the airway open should he or she vomit. The other arm, which will be flat on the ground, and the legs, which will be splayed, will keep the victim on his or her side.

  48. How to Give CPR to Young Children 16. If, while the victim is in the recovery position, there are signs of loss of circulation in the lower arm, place the victim on his or her other side after 30 minutes. These signs may include the skin appearing pale, grayish in color, or cool to the touch. • It is very important that cardiopulmonary resuscitation be started as soon as possible. • If CPR is started within 4 minutes of collapse, a person has a 40 percent chance of survival.

  49. How to Give CPR to Infants 1. Make a victim assessment. Be sure that the victim has an open airway, the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating. Also, check to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries. 2. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 3. A person who is trained in CPR should roll the victim on his or her back. Place the third and fourth finger on the center of the victim’s breastbone. Compress the chest five times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute.

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