Warm UP 8-12-14

1. Warm UP 8-12-14 Using the maps in chapter 6, write a brief paragraph (5-7 sentences) explaining why the St. Lawrence River valley was the strategic key to control of the whole center of North America. Pages 109-123 Maps: pg 110, 111,113,114,116,118,120,123

2. Interpreting Historical Illustratins Contemporary illustrations of historical events may not only hive us information about those events but tell us something about the attitude and intention of those who made the illustrations. The caption to the engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere (p. 133) observes that it is “both art and propaganda.” Drawing on the account of the massacre in the next (pp. 132-133) enables you to see the ways in which Revere’s engraving combines factual information with a political point of view. Answer the following questions.

4. 1. What parts of the encounter between the British redcoats and the colonists does the engraving entirely leave out? 2. The text says that the British troops fired “without orders.” How does the engraving suggest the opposite? 3. How does Revere’s presentation of the colonial victims seem especially designed to inflame the feelings of the viewer?

5. Chapter 6 The Duel for North America

6. France grows in Strength • France a latecomer to the New World. • 1500’s involved with foreign wars and domestic issues. Catholics vs. Protestant Huguenots. Blood bath. • 1598 Edict of Nantes- limited toleration to French Protestants. • France begins to grow in strength. • Strong ministers and Louis XIV. Ruled for 72 years since the age of 5.

7. Interest in New World * 1608-establish Quebec colony. * Leading figure was Samuel de Champlain. Befriended the Huron tribe, made war with the Iroquois. * France relationship with Iroquois would be damaging. Unable to have easy access to the Ohio valley. * Iroquois would side with British. * Prolonged struggle for control of the Continent.

8. New France (Canada) Colony • Government fell under autocratic control of the king. No elected representatives, assemblies, or right to trial by jury. • Population slow to grow. Why? • 1750-60,000 inhabited the region. • Little economic motive to move to the colony. • Huguenots were denied refuge there. • Gov’t favored Caribbean island colonies rich in sugar and rum.

9. New France expansion • Value: Beaver. Warmth and appearance. • Fur trappers pursued the beaver over woods and waterways. • Coureurs de bouis- risk takers, heavy drinkers, free spenders. Backwoods man. • Recruited Indians into the fur business.

10. Fur trade * Indians recruited were decimated by disease and alcohol. * Damage many traditional and religious beliefs the Native Americans held. * Damage the ecology of the regions, almost wiping the beavers out in some parts. * Great distances were covered in search of beaver pelts. See page108.

11. Expansion • Jesuits- Worked to save Indian souls. Vital role as explorers and geographers. • Antoine Cadillac-founded Detroit in 1701 “city of straits” Hold British advancement. • Robert de La Salle- founded Louisiana to contain Spanish expansion. • Establish number of Forts in what is Louisiana and Mississippi including New Orleans in 1718.

12. Control of Mississippi River * Control of the mouth of the river important. * Control of Interior North America to allow for strong fur trade. * Allow for trade of grain and products from the fertile Illinois region trading posts with the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes.

13. Conflicts of Empires * King Williams War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713). Earliest battles pitting British colonists against Coureurs de bouis. * Small in scale. North America not worth regular troops at this point. * Guerilla warfare. French attacked British frontier settlements such as Schenectady, N.Y. (1690) and Deerfield Mass. (1704) * British un-succesful at attempts in Montreal and Quebec.

14. * British success at Port Royal of Acadia. * Treaty of Utrecht (1713)- British rewarded Acadia renamed Nova Scotia and the Hudson bay region. Pinched the French in. (See page 110.) * Also limited trade with the Spanish. Led to friction and smuggling. * War of Jenkins Ear. 1739 British and Spanish in the Caribbean and buffer colony of Georgia. Soon merged with King George’s War.

15. Continued * British colonists along with fleet captured French Fortress Louisbourg. * Treaty of 1748 gave Fortress back to French. * Colonists outraged at what they believed belonged to them. Their glory tarnished by Old World diplomats.

16. * Fighting in time intensified between two countries in the Ohio River Valley. * British pushing westward from Atlantic colonies France trying to hold on to maintain its hold on the interior. * British become concerned by constant presence of French in the area.

17. Washington’s role against France * 1749 Virginia speculators (Washington) had shaky rights to some 500,000 acres in the area. * French were producing forts in the area including Fort Duquesne. * 1754 Governor sent Washington (21 yrs) to secure claims to the land. * Encountered French detachment of troops and fired upon them. French leader killed and men retreated. * French reinforcements surrounded Washington at Fort Necessity and forced his surrender. (July 4)

18. Continued * Fighting started from this moment, British in Nova Scotia remove 4000 French Acadians who scatter as far as Louisiana (Cajuns)

19. French and Indian War * Starts with Washington’s fired shots. 1st three conflicts started in Europe. * 7 Years War (Europe) * Previous altercations colonists were less unified. Those who fought were nearest to the conflict those who were remote avoided it. * British Government summoned inter-colonial congress to Albany New York. * 7 of the 13 Colonies showed up. Immediate purpose to keep the Iroquois tribes together with the British. Longer purpose was to achieve greater unity in the colonies.

20. Ben Franklin * Pennsylvania Gazette printed Join or Die cartoon. * Created a scheme for colonial home rule at Albany. Delegates adopted it but the colonies and London rejected it. Why? * Colonists not enough independence and London felt it gave too much.

21. British blunders early * Braddock sent to capture Fort Dusquene. * Soldiers reluctant and movement was slow. * Encounter French and repelled them but into the woods they fired upon the redcoats where Braddock killed and Washington had two horses shot from under him. * Native Americans advanced through the frontiers attacking British colonists confident after Braddock’s defeat. * Washington tried to protect the frontier.

22. Pitt’s Victory * 1757 William Pitt became the foremost leader in London’s Government. * Stopped going after the French West Indies and focused his efforts on Canada. * 1758 focus on Louisburg and claimed victory. 1st major victory of the war. * Quebec was seized by James Wolfe.(1759) * Montreal falls in 1760 and the French claims fell in North America.

23. * British emerged as the dominant power in North America. * Naval power takes its place on top.

24. Restless Colonists * War bolstered colonists self image of themselves and image of British invincibility was gone in their army. * Friction between British regulars and colonists developed. * Some British upset at lack of colonists commitment to the effort: smugglers! * Colonists refused to supply troops and money. Distance. * Demand Rights and Privileges without the duties and responsibilities.

25. War’s Aftermath????????

26. Battle For The Continent • What was the impact of the Seven Years’ War on imperial and Indian-white relations?

27. The Middle Ground • Ohio Valley Area • Ohio Company claims the land • French, British, and Natives fighting for land • Natives keep getting pushed out • Fighting back meant suicide

28. The Seven Years War AKA The French and Indian War • Battle started over Ohio Valley area • Indian and French join together to fight the British (at first they were winning) • Britain raised money and sent over men and naval forced to defeat the French • Outside help • Other countries (Prussia and Austria) • Natives/Colonist

29. The aftermath: A World Transformed • Peace of Paris (1763)- France gave Canada to Britain for a few islands • Spain gave Florida to Britain for the Philippines and Cuba • France gave Spain the Louisiana territory • Land east of the Mississippi belonged to Britain • War costs high = raised taxes on the colonies to help pay for war

30. The aftermath: Native Relations • Pontiac’s Rebellion • French had give native land to the British - Natives must join together to reclaim their land and fight back • Natives began to seize British forts • Proclamation of 1763 came from England • No settlements west of the Appalachian mountains were allowed • Land was reserved for natives • Only colonial govt could purchase these lands - not private citizens

31. The aftermath: Native Relations • Pennsylvania • Quakers rule comes to an end; policy of accommodation with the natives ends too • Quakers resigned their seats in politics • Gov declared war on hostile natives and offered a bounty for native scalps • Paxton Boys-removal of all natives in the area • Holy Experiment fails

32. The aftermath: Colonial Identities • Albany Plan of Union (1754)- Ben Franklin plan to create a Grand Council of delegates from each colony to control taxes and deal with native relations (never sent to London for approval) • Colonial interests were similar • More British than ever (fought the war together English and colonists) • British nationalism - global empire

33. George Washington • Ignored Proclamation of 1763 and “bought” as much land as he could in secret

34. Chapter 7 The Road to Revolution

35. Deep Roots of the Revolution • Republicanism- a just society where all citizens willingly submit their private interests for the interests of the common good. • Needed to be selfless, self-sufficient, and desire for civic involvement. • Opposed to a hierarchical and authoritarian institutions. (Monarchies)

36. continued • Radical Whigs: Feared the threat to liberty posed by the power of the monarchy and his ministers. • Fear of corruption that will destroy common person’s liberties. • Colonial life bolsters these attitudes. No royalty, run their own affairs, distance weakens authority. • Shock in 1763, when Britain tries to reign in the American colonists.

37. Mercantilism and Grievances • Belief that wealth is power and a countries wealth is measured by gold and silver in the treasury. • Country needs to export more than it imports. • Possessing colonies puts you at a distinct advantage. Supply raw materials and they buy finished goods.

38. continued • American colonies supply tobacco, sugar, and ship masts and refrain from making woolen clothing or beaver hats. • Buy exclusively from Britain. • Avoid economic self-sufficiency and self government. • Regulate system with Navigation Act of 1650. Tariff duties regulated.

39. continued • System created money shortage. Colonists buy more than they sell. • Forced colonists to pay difference with hard cash. (Gold & Silver) • Colonists assemblies created paper money which Parliament prohibited. Americans feel their welfare is being sacrificed for the well being of British commercial interests.

40. + & - of Mercantilism • Navigation acts had little burden prior to 1763. Loosely enforced if at all. • London paid liberal bounties for ship parts and Virginia enjoyed a monopoly on tobacco in the British market. • Protection of the Navy and Army without cost to them.

41. Negatives • Reduce economic initiative or creativity. • Dependent on British agents and creditors. • Felt used, always treated like the child of the economy never able to grow.

42. Aftermath of French Indian War • Debt from the French and Indian war was around 140 million pounds. 1/2 from defending the colonies. • Prime Minister George Grenville and Parliament redefine the relationship with the colonies. • 1763 begins to strictly enforce the Navigation Acts. • Proclamation of 1763, no movement west of the Appalachian Mts.

43. Sugar Act of 1764. First act passed to raise tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. Increased the duty on sugar from the West Indies. • Quartering Act of 1765: Colonies needed to provide food and quarters for British troops. Some assemblies refused the Quartering act or only gave a fraction of the supplies needed. Why did British troops need to be there?

44. Stamp tax of 1765: To raise money to support the new military force in the colonies. • Mandates use of stamped paper to certify payment of the tax. Used on fifty items. • London asking the colonies to pay their fair share. • Colonies see this as aggression. Striking at their liberties that were their rights more than the cost of it.

45. Trail by Jury • Right to trial by Jury was taken away with the regards to the Sugar and Stamp act. • Offenders would be tried in an admiralty court, burden of proof would be placed on defendant to prove innocents.

46. No Taxation without Representation • American distinction between legislation and taxation. • Believed parliaments right to rule matters affecting the entire empire including trade but denied right to impose taxes where no Americans were seated. • Grenville dismissed the protests claiming the colonists had virtual representation. Every member of Parliament represents all British subjects.

47. Response to the Stamp Act • Stamp Act Congress of 1765- 27 delegates from 9 colonies. Statement of their rights and grievances asking the King to repeal the legislation. • Impact- another step connecting the colonies and eroding sectional suspicions of rival colonies. • Non importation agreements against British goods were made. Create own wool clothing=eating less lamb chops. United the colonies in their goals.

48. Sons and Daughters of Liberty: Protest groups. Enforced non-importation agreements with force. Tar and Feather, handed effigies, ransacking official houses. • Collecting the taxes broke down. Stamp agents resigned no one to enforce law.

49. Merchants, manufacturers and shippers suffered from the non importation agreements. • Laborers thrown out of work. • Demands in England to repeal the Stamp Act. • Act is repealed and put into place the Declaratory Act, reaffirming its right to tax the colonies.

50. Nonimportation went into effect again but less effective. Why? • British feeling lack of order sent 2 regiment of troops into Boston in 1768. • Clash with Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. Crowd taunting ten troops with snowballs. Anger still over a merchant killing an eleven year old boy.