UNIT 4 MEASUREMENT

1. UNIT 4MEASUREMENT SECTION 1 SPATIAL MEASUREMENTS (المقياس المكاني)

2. Shapes ( WARM UP )Three dimensional & Two dimensional

3. RevisionWhich parts are • Flexible? • Rigid? • Round? • Non-combustible • Convex? • Circular? • Cylindrical? • Which part leads to the gas supply? • Who is the vertical tube connected to the rubber tube? • What shape is the flame? • What are the tubes made of? • Where is the air-vent? • How is the rubber tube attached to the horizontal tube? • What properties have the metal and rubber tubes in common? Vertical tube flame Air-vent horizontal tube Base rubber tube A Bunsen burner

4. RevisionRemember the following expressions • at the top of • at the bottom of • on the right • on the left • in the middle of • above/over • below/under • beside • Between • diagonally above • outside • inside • on either side • at the end of • far • beyond • near • next to/ adjacent في قمةِ في أسفل على الِيمين على اليسارِ في منتصفِ فوق تحت بجانب بين قطرياً فوق خارج داخل على الجانبين في نهايةِ بعيداً - ما بعد قُرْب بجانب / مجاور

5. Read this and replace the words in red colour with other expressions The block of wood has various properties: for example, it is shaped like a cube: its material is wood: the material burns easily: you cannot see through it: the block is difficult to bend, etc. The block of wood has various properties; for example, it is cubic; it is made of wood; the material is combustible; opaque; the block is rigid, etc.

6. We can measure the properties of this block. This block has other properties which are measured. It has height, length and width. Each surface has areas. The area of the cross-section is the cross-sectional area. The area of all the surfaces is the surface area. The volume of the block= length X height X width. l x h = area ((مسا حة l x h x w = volume (حجم)

7. Say which properties of these objects we can measure. Circumference Radius Diameter from the to the Earth Sun distance • We can measure the radius, the diameter, the circumference and the area of a circle. • We can measure the sides, angles and area of a rectangle, a square and a triangle • We can measure the length of a line. • We can measure the distance from the Sun to the Earth.

8. Make sentences from the tableExample:The height of large objects is measured in meters.

9. Complete the sentences • This brick has a length of 3 cm. • It has a height of 1 cm. • It has a width of 2 cm. • It has a cross-sectional area of 2 cm2. • It has a surface area of 22 cm2. • It has a volume of 6 cm3. 1cm 3 cm 2 cm

10. Complete the sentences • This brick has a length of 3 cm. • It has a height of 1 cm. • It has a width of 2 cm. • It has a cross-sectional area of 2 cm2. • It has a surfacearea of 22 cm2. • It has a volume of 6 cm3. 1cm 3 cm 2 cm • The measurements of this forest and the trees. • This forest has the length of 10 km. • It has the width of 5 km. • It has the area of 50 km2 • The height of trees is 10m • The measurement of circle. • This circle has a radius of 5cm • It has a diameter of 10 cm. • It has a circumference of 31.4 cm • It has an area of 78.5 cm2.

11. Look and read. Exactly (بالضبط) Approximately (تقريباً) • The thermometer has a length of exactly 14 cm. • The pencil has a length of approximately 14 cm. (exactly 13.9 cm) • The knife also has a length of approximately 14cm. (exactly 14.2) This cylinder has a diameter of exactly 20 cm. The tree trunk has a diameter of approximately 20 cm. The rectangular prism has a volume of exactly 6 cm3. The pieces of soap has a volume of exactly 6 cm3.

12. Section 2 Other measurements • Refer to part 2 of the appendix and say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the statements. • Duration is measured in degrees Centigrade. (F) in seconds, minutes, hours. • The second is a unit of time. (T) • Speed is measured in kilogram per hours. (F) Km • The watt is a unit of electrical resistance. (F) electric power. • Density is measured in grams per meter cubed.(F) kilogram per cubic meter. (kg/m3) • The gram is unit of mass. (T) • Liquid measurements are made in liters, or cubic decimeters. (T)

13. Section 3 Scales an averages Very large and very small quantities (الكميات) are expressed like this: 106 = ten to the power of six = one million (1,000,000) 10-6= ten to the power of minus six = one millionth. Complete these. 102 = ten the power of two = one hundred (100) 103 = ten the power of three = one thousand (1000) 108 = ten the power of eight = one billion(100,000,000) 10-2 = ten the power of minus two= one hundredth ( ) 10-5 = ten the power of minus five= one hundred thousandth 1

14. Ex.9 Make Sentences. • The distance to the farthest stars is ten to the power of twenty six m,ie100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 km. • The diameter of the Sun is ten to the power of nine meter, i.e. 1,000,000 km ( to convert meter into km delete 3zoro) • The diameter of the Earth is…. • The height of Mt Everest is… • A mouse has a length of approx. ten to the power of minus one meter. i.e. ten centimeters. • A cherry has a diameter of… i.e. one centimeter. • A blood cell has a diameter of… • The diameter of a sugar molecule is…

15. Ex.11 Look at the histograms. • The histograms in the top row show average range of temperature (in degrees Centigrade) for each month in three cities. The histograms in the bottom row show their average monthly rainfall (in centimeters). • In Calcutta in January(J) the temperature ranges from 27 0C to 13 0C; that is, the maximum temperature is 27 0C and the minimum temperature is 13 0C. These are the two extremes (النهايات) of temperature. • Complete theses (See part 5 of the appendix for the names of months): • Extremes of temperature in Tokyo in January: maximum 10 0C ; minimum -2 0C . • In Lima in April the temperature ranges from 150C to 28 0C . • Throughout the year in Calcutta the rainfall ranges from 33 cm to 1 cm. • In Tokyo the maximum rainfall occurs in the month of September and minimum rainfall occur in the month of January.

16. How to calculate the averageThe average rainfall in Calcutta during the first six months of the year. • January 1 cm July 32 cm • February 3 cm August 23 cm • March 4 cm September 24 cm • April 5 cm October 12 cm • May 14 cm November 3 cm • June 28 cm December 1 cm Total = 55 cm ÷ 6 = 9.2 cm. Total = 93 cm ÷ 6 = 15.5 Answer these questions: • Is the figure 9.2 exact or approximate? Exact. • What is the total rainfall for the second half of the year in Calcutta? 93 cm • What is the average monthly rainfall during this period? 15.5 cm • What is the average rainfall during the last three months of the year in Tokyo? 11.66 cm

17. Read this and answer the questions In Lima the range of rainfall is very narrow (محد). Rainfall is fairly constant (ثابت) throughout the year. In Calcutta, however, the range of rainfall is very wide. It varies (يَتفاوتُ ) a lot. • In which city is there the widest range of temperature? Tokyo. • In which city is the temperature most constant? Lima • Where does the rainfall vary most? Calcutta.

18. Section 4Reading • Read the text and find the answers to these question: • Why did early measurements vary? (لماذا مبكراً مقاييس تَفاوتتْ؟) • How have measurements become more constant? (كيف المقاييس أَصْبَحتْ أكثرَ ثباتاً؟)

19. Standards of measurements (معايير المقاييسِ) • In early times measurements were made by comparing (بالمُقَارَنَة )things with parts of the human body. Early units of measurement included the distance from the elbow to the fingers, the width of the hand and the width of the fingers. • Some of these human measurements are still used. For example, the inch is based on the length of half the thumb. A foot was originally the length of a man’s foot. A mile was one thousand walking steps.

20. Standards of measurements (معايير المقاييسِ) • These units were only approximate, because their standard – the human body- was not constant. Governments tried to standardise(مُجرّب للتَوحيد )them by using rods of fixed lengths. (قضبان الأطوالِ الثابتةِ) But these rods still varied from country to country. • During the French Revolution, scientists looked for a standard (المعيار) of measurement which did not change. They chose the distance from the Equator to the North Pole, which is one quarter of the circumference of the Earth. One ten-millionth of this was called one meter and became the basic unit of the metric system. Other metric units are based on it. For example, the centimeter is one hundredth of a meter. A gram- the unit of weight- is the mass of one cubic centimeter of water. • A standard meter was marked on a platinum bar.(حانة بلاتينِ) The accuracy (الدقة )of measuring instruments was checked by comparing them with this bar. Nowadays the meter is standardized by comparing it with another constant (ثابت)– the wavelength (طول الموجة )of a certain kind of light.

21. Standards of measurements (معايير المقاييسِ) Complete these notes: • Early units of measurement included the distance from elbow to fingers, width of hand, width of finger. • Some human body measurements which are still used, they include the inch, the foot , the mile. • These units of measurements were not constant because their standard was human body. Rods of fixed length were used to standardise them, but these also varied. • The distance from the Equator to the North Pole was chosen as the basic unit of metric system .Its length is one millionth of one quarter of the Earth’s circumference. Other metric units are centimeters and millimeters. • The standard meter is marked on a platinum bar. Nowadays another constant is used: the wave length of a certain kind of light.