Advancement

1. Advancement in The Next Really BIGSMALLThing D. JAGAN MOHAN New Technology Research Centre University of West Bohemia Plzen, Czech Republic

2. OUTLINE Nano..History Nano..Technology in today’s life Nano..Materials Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Applications Advantages/Disadvantages

3. NANOSCIENCE….. ……Incorporation of many disciplines Engineering Physics Chemistry Molecular Biology Material Science

4. 1 nm = 0.000000001 m Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scales. • Nano is Greek for “dwarf” • Manipulation of matter < 100nm (1 10,000th the size of a bacterium) • 80,000X smaller than a human hair • 10 hydrogen atoms lined up measure about 1 nm • A grain of sand is 1 million nm

5. How small is Nanoscale……..? A nanometer is… ………one billionth of a meter DNA Sample Approx. 2 nm Human hair Approx. 1 X 10-5 nm

6. Is Gold Always …….“Gold”…..? Cutting down a cube of gold • If you have a cube of pure gold and cut it, what color would the pieces be..? • Now you cut those pieces. What color will each of the pieces be? • If you keep doing this - cutting each block in half - will the pieces of gold always look “gold”?

7. Nano-Gold Well… strange things happen at the small scale • If you keep cutting until the gold pieces are in the nanoscalerange, they don’t look gold anymore… They look RED! Nanoparticles of gold can appear red, orange or even blue depending on size. Nano-Gold colloids exhibit different colours at different sizes and concentrations

8. Are You a Nano……bit curious…..? • Nano…sized particles exhibit different properties than larger particles of the same substance • Learn more about the nature of matter • Develop new theories • Discover new questions and answers in many areas, including health care, energy, and technology • Figure out how to make new products and technologies that can improve people’s lives

9. History “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?” Dr. Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988) 1959 R. Feynman Delivers “ Plenty of Room at the Bottom” 1974 First Molecular Electronic Device Patented 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM) 1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented 1987 First single-electron transistor created 1991 Carbon Nanotubes Discovered

10. Nanoscience is about the phenomena that occur in systems with nanometer dimensions. top-down Photolitography Microprinting Nanocluster 10 m 1 m 0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm Biomolecules bottom-up Organic synthesis Self-assembly

11. Nanoparticle Properties Melting / Boiling Composition Structure Reactivity Bonding

12. Nanoscale Size Effect Realization of miniaturized devices and systems while providing more functionality Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties, including changes in… • Physical Properties (e.g. melting point) • Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity) • Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity) • Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength) • Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)

13. Light to See Light microscopes let us see to about 1 micron The naked eye can see to about 20 microns • Bounce light off of surfaces to create images • A human hair is about 50-100 microns thick Red blood cells (400x) Light microscope (magnification up to 1000x)

14. Electrons to See Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), invented in the 1930s, to see objects as small as 10 nanometers • Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images • Higher resolution due to small size of electrons Blood Cells Greater resolution to see things like blood cells in greater detail

15. Touching the Surface Scanning probe microscopes, developed in the 1980s, give us a new way to “see” at the nanoscale We can now see really smallthings, like atoms, and move them too! This is about how big atoms are compared with the tip of the microscope

16. Types of Nanomaterial Nanotube Nanopowder • Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite sheet rolled into tubes a few nanometers in diameter and up to hundreds of micrometers (microns) long. • Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more complex nanostructures.

17. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1nm. Length: few nm to microns. • 100 time stronger than steel and very flexible CNT is configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphenesheet rolled into a tube. • If added to materials like car bumpers, increases strength and flexibility Efficient electrical conductors Can act as both thermal conductors and thermal insulators

18. CNT Multiple Wall CNT (MWCNT) Single Wall CNT (SWCNT) SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. (diameter ~ 1nm) Multiple rolled layers of graphenesheets (5-50 nm) More resistant to chemical changes than SWNTs

19. Discovery of CNT Nanotube Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWNT) [ SumioIjyma (Nature,1991)] Single-Walled carbon Nanotube (SWNT) [Ijyma, Bethune et al. (1993)] Single Crystals of SWNT [ R.R.Schlittler et al. (Science, May 2001)]

20. Carbon Buckyballs (C60) Incredible strength due to their bond structure and “soccer ball” shape Could be useful “shells” for drug delivery • Can penetrate cell walls • Are nonreactive (move safely through blood stream)

21. Advantages Precise Nanomaterials Industrial Durable Stronger Cheaper Lighter Computers can become a billion times faster and a million times smaller Medical Automatic Pollution Cleanup End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease) Manufacturing at almost no cost Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu) Body Sculpting(i.e. change your appearance)

22. Materials Energy Life Sciences Electronics Electronics Batteries Nanotubes Targeted Drug Delivery Nano Transistors Plasma Displays Fuel cells Artificial Retina Aerogel Nano Diodes Quantum Computers Solar cells Tissue Regeneration Nanoparticles OLED Applications

23. Nano-development Power shirt Super thin battery The perfect match for the power tie? Meet the "Power Shirt," a piece of nanotechnology-infused clothing that will be able to generate enough electricity to power small electronic devices for soldiers in the field, hikers, or just about anyone whose physical motion can be harnessed and converted to electrical energy. Concept: Backed by Thin-film nanotechnology, super thin battery is capable of generating power up to 10-20 times more than regular batteries. Boasting of merely 200 microns thickness, it is thinner than a sheet of paper. It consists of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) that imparts it with its flexible quality and increased storage capacity. In addition, it gets charged up to 80% in just 15 minutes.

24. Energy • Solar cells • Fuel cells • Batteries • Bio fuels Information Technology Nanotechnology in Every field Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems Consumer Foods • Foods and beverages • Advanced packaging materials, sensors, • Appliances and textiles • Stain proof, water proof / wrinkle free textiles • Household and cosmetics • Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints Medicine Cancer treatment Bone treatment Drug delivery Appetite control Drug development Medical tools Diagnostic tests Imaging

25. Disadvantages Loss of jobs (in manufacturing, farming, etc) Carbon Nanotubes could cause infection of lungs Oil & Diamonds could become worthless Atomic weapons could be more accessible and destructive

26. CONCLUSION….. Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the next century.” The Beginning…

27. Thank You