Trademark and Unfair Comp.

1. Trademark and Unfair Comp. Boston College Law School April 9, 2008 Domain Names

2. Domain Name System ICANN ICANN ICANN ICANN ICANN Registrars Countries .com, .org, .net .us, .uk, .jp Sites Sites Sites Sites Sites nike.com coke.com kodak.com nike.uk kodak.jp

3. Types of Domain Name Disputes • Likelihood of Confusion • E.g. nike.com to sell competing shoes • E.g. plannedparenthood.org for confusing anti-abortion web site • Dilution of Famous Mark • E.g. nike.com to sell ball bearings (blurring) • E.g. candyland.com or adultsrus.com (tarnishment)

4. Types of Domain Name Disputes • Cybersquatting • E.g. register nike.com to sell to Nike • E.g. register panavision.com to sell to Panasonic • Competitive warehousing • E.g. Princeton Review registering kaplan.com • Concurrent uses • E.g. Apple Computer and Apple Records • E.g. Budweiser U.S. and Budweiser Czech Republic

5. Types of Domain Name Disputes • Noncommercial uses • E.g. pokey.org, veronica.org for personal sites • E.g. nike.net, for site criticizing Nike labor practices • Parody and critique • E.g. peta.org for People Eating Tasty Animals • E.g. walmartsucks.com, guiness-really-sucks.com

6. Sources of Law • Trademark Law • Likelihood of confusion • Dilution • Anti-Cybersquatting • Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)

7. Anti-Cybersquatting • Lanham Act § 43(d): • (1)(A) A person shall be liable in a civil action by the owner of a mark … if, without regard to the goods or services of the parties, that person -- • (i) has a bad faith intent to profit from that mark …; and • (ii) registers, traffics in, or uses a domain name that - • (I) in the case of a mark that is distinctive … is identical or confusingly similar … • (II) in the case of a famous mark … is identical or confusingly similar to or dilutive of that mark.

8. Anti-Cybersquatting • Lanham Act § 43(d): • (1)(B) In determining whether a person has a bad faith intent … a court may consider factors such as … - • (I) the trademark … rights of the person … • (II) … consists of a legal name of the person … • (III) … prior use … with the bona fide offering of goods • (IV) … bona fide noncommercial or fair use • (V) … intent to divert consumers … for commercial gain • (VI) … offer to transfer, sell, or otherwise assign … • (VII) … provision of material and misleading false contact info • (VII) … registration or acquisition of multiple domain names

9. Uniform Dispute Resolution • Elements • “identical or confusingly similar” to a trademark • “no rights or legitimate interests” in domain name • domain name “has been registered and is being used in bad faith.” • Evidence of Bad Faith • Registered primarily for purpose of sale to tm owner • Registered in order to prevent tm owner from using • Registered to disrupt competitor’s business • Intentionally attempting to attract users to site for commercial gain through likelihood of confusion

10. Uniform Dispute Resolution • Evidence of Legitimate Interest • Prior use of domain name with bona fide offering of goods • Commonly known by domain name • Making legitimate noncommercial or fair use of domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark

11. New Top Level Domains • New domains • .aero • .biz • .coop • .info • .museum • .name • .pro

12. Administrative Details • Assignment • VII.E – Merchandising • VIII.A – Referential Uses