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Cognition

Cognition. Study of how the mind works. Study of basic mental functions of the mind. Includes a variety of mental process: perception, pattern recognition, language, etc. Cognitive Psychology.

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Cognition

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  1. Cognition • Study of how the mind works. Study of basic mental functions of the mind. • Includes a variety of mental process: perception, pattern recognition, language, etc.

  2. Cognitive Psychology • Theoretical orientation emphasizing mental structures and processes and breaks them down into component structures and processes • How sensory information is acquired, stored, transformed and used. • Mental activity or acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge

  3. Neisser’s Defintion of Cognitive Psychology “Cognitive Psychology refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.”

  4. Levels of Cognition Perception Attention Pattern Recognition Memory Organization of Knowledge Language Reasoning Problem Solving Decision Making

  5. Codes • System of signals used to represent something -- e.g. code for the alphabet • Neural Code: e.g. the word ‘hat’ encoded as a pattern of light on the retina • Cognitive Code: the word ‘hat’ --> phonemes (language sounds), letters, meaning

  6. Level of Description • Mental Level • Cognitive Level • Neural Level

  7. Question • Answer this question as quickly as you can: • How many hands did Aristotle have?

  8. Cognitive Process Analysis

  9. Thinking as a Sequence of States

  10. Wilhelm Wundt • “ Conscious processes and immediate experience” • Introspection or “self observation” • Rigorous Methods

  11. Titchener • Structuralism • Training of observers • Structuralism • Imageless thought controversy

  12. Herman Ebbinghaus • Study higher mental processes using scientific method • Process of association formation • Non-sense syllables • Savings Method

  13. Nonsense Syllables DAX GIK TEB KOV SUV HET

  14. Ebbinghaus’ Method • Learn list to 2 perfect recitations (# trials) • Set aside (varied delay) • Relearn (# trials) • Measurement of Savings

  15. Measurement of Savings

  16. Forgetting Curve

  17. William James

  18. William James - Functionalism • Interested in the functions of consciousness • Infer mental mechanisms or processes from the way organisms behave in different situations. • Functions of Memory • Primary Memory • Secondary Memory

  19. 20th Century

  20. Behaviorism • John B. Watson (1924) • Reaction to Introspection • Emphasis on observable, quantifiable behavior • No unobservables, no internal mental states, no images, ideas, or thoughts

  21. Behaviorism • Psychology = Scientific study of behavior • Humans as passive reactors to external stimuli • “Tabular Rasa” - Environmental determinants of behavior • Rats in mazes, puzzle boxes, etc.

  22. Behaviorism - Positive Contributions • Insistence of precise & careful definition of concepts • Operational Construct • e.g. performance = # trials necessary to complete a maze with no errors • Experimental Control

  23. Gestalt Psychology • Laws of organization • Law of proximity • Law of similarity • Insight problem solving

  24. Law of Similarity O O O O X X X X O O O O X X X X

  25. Law of Proximity O O O O X X X X O O O O X X X X

  26. Frederick C. Bartlett • Remembering: An Experimental and Social Study (1932) • Meaningful materials -- e.g. stories • Human memory constructive process • Original material interpreted and transformed

  27. The Cognitive Revolution • Return to mentalistic ideas (1940’s and 50’s) • MIT – Sept. 11, 1956 • Neisser’s book Cognitive Psychology (1967) • Information processing perspective • Diverse Influences/ Causes

  28. Stimulus-Response

  29. Dissatisfaction with Behaviorism • Challenges to “tabular rasa” • Innate structure or knowledge • Complex human behavior not explainable in terms of stimulus-response relations alone

  30. World War II

  31. World War II • Practical Problems • Problems of perception, judgement, thinking, and decision-making • Operating technical equipment • Performance over Learning • Human Factors

  32. Information Processing

  33. Verbal Learning • Flourishing of Ebbinghaus tradition • Different types of memory, memory organization, models • Active nature of learner--what is brought to learning • Formation of new associations --> Use of pre-existing associations. • Emphasis on Memory over learning

  34. Bousfield (1953) apple bicycle shirt chair banana car socks desk peach truck couch orange train hat desk desk couch chair peach apple hat shirt dress … Etc. Words presented in this order: But recalled In this order

  35. Verbal Learning … • Existing memory associations lead to reorganization of words during recall • Mental Processes: rehearsal, storage, organization, retrieval • Acceptance of objective methods & procedures • But increased commitment to inferred processes -- e.g. encoding, storage, retrieval

  36. Telephone example “UD has improved the appearance of the university over the last few years.”

  37. Communications Theory • Information processing idea • Similarity between communication devices and people • 1st approximation analogy for psychology to describe mental processes • Channel, information processing filters, limited capacity, serial vs. parallel processing.

  38. Information Theory InformationSource Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination

  39. Computers & Computer Science • Numerous contributions • Analogy of computers & humans • Both process information: Take in information, transform, manipulate, store, & output information (or some type of product--e.g. behavior) • Humans & computers as symbol manipulators

  40. Schematic Diagram of Computer System

  41. Atkinson & Shiffrin Memory Model

  42. Many Contributions • Borrowing of concepts & characteristics of computers to describe human system: sensory store, short-term store, long-term store • Limited capacity--immediate memory & attention

  43. Additional Contributions • Computer programs/processes analagous to mental processes • Simulation modeling • AI • Computer as tool • Modeling • Stimulus Presentation

  44. Current Issues Related to Cognitive Psychology • Ecological Validity • Cognitive Science • Cognitive Neuroscience • Artificial Intelligence • Parallel Distributed Processing Approach

  45. Cognitive Neuroscience • Examines how the structure & function of the brain explain cognitive processes • Kossylyn’s Message • Complexity • Necessity of cognitive/functional analyses • New Tools/Techniques

  46. Cognitive Neuroscience Techniques • Brain Lessions • Brain Imaging Techniques • PET • MRI • fMRI • Event-related Potential • Single-cell Recording Technique

  47. PET Scan

  48. Pet Scan 2 • PET Scan while listening to a language task (unpracticed) • PET Scan after practice with the task (spelling)

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