Higher

1. Higher Industry

2. Industrial Location • Before building a factory or locating an industry, the manufacturer should consider the major elements in the system. • A decision must then be made as to which site is likely to provide the best location.

3. Site/ Land Market Capital Power Supply Raw Materials Industry Transport Links Labour Govt Policies

4. Physical Factors Raw materials Natural Routes Power/Energy Site and Land Environment Human Factors Labour Market Capital Transport Communications Government Policy Factors affecting Industrial Location

5. 19th Century Heavy Industry • Near raw materials – iron ore, limestone. They are heavy, so it costs too much to transport them. • Near a power supply – water then coal. • Near cheap transport – canals then railways. • Flat land – heavy industries are often very large and need a large area of land to build on. • Workforce – Large workforce had to live close by.

6. Case Study – South Wales

7. Growth of Industry in South Wales Raw Materials • Readily available coking coal and black band iron ore together in horizontal seams outcropping on steep valley sides of U shaped valleys – easily accessible. • The two south eastern counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire contained abundant seams of coal and iron ore in their valleys • Close proximity to limestone in Brecon Beacons which meant limestone was quarried nearby.

8. Growth of Industry in South Wales • Workforce • Locals were skilled in iron making historically. • Migration of people into South Wales was going on • throughout the period 1851-1911. Some 366,000 people • moved into the area during this period – this provided • an additional workforce. • People migrated from Ireland, the English • Midlands and Scotland.

9. Growth of Industry in South Wales • Transport • Initially by gravity along U-shaped valley floors to ports. • Canals network, followed by rail then roads.Allowed • Products to be transported to port relatively cheaply– • iron ore is heavy and expensive to transport over • long distances. • Nearby ports such as Cardiff, Swansea, Newport meant • easy export of iron and coal and easy import of other • raw materials. • The estuaries of the Tyne, Wear and Tees allowed ships • to be launched.

10. Growth of Industry in South Wales • Power • Fast flowing rivers in the valleys provided the initial • source of power. • Later, coke from the coal of the South Wales coalfield • was used as the main source of power. • Site • Flat valley floors ideal for building on.

11. Growth of Industry in South Wales • Market • Access to a large overseas market from ports e.g. • Penarth • South Wales is a trade corridor for the Americas due to • its western location – this was advantageous in terms of • trade. • Coastal location allowed trade with the • British Empire.

12. Past Paper Question Study the diagram. With reference to one named industrial concentration in the European Union you have studied, explain how such factors originally attracted to your chosen area. 14 Raw materials Transport Energy Labour supply Site and availability Market of land

13. The case study we looked at in class was Clydebank but a number of these points Can also be used Decline of industry in South Wales

14. Background: In 1860 there were over 30 iron works in the valleys of South Wales – they provided employment for the local villages which became almost solely dependent on the new industries. During the next 40 years improvements in the smelting process, meant that the production of iron was replaced by steel manufacture, which was more profitable.

15. Reasons for decline: • Improvements in the smelting process – production of iron • was replaced by steel manufacture, which was more • profitable. • 1990’s only 2 steelworks left in South Wales. • Raw materials were exhausted locally – deep mining is far • more expensive. • Iron ore in South Wales ran out and had to be imported • from abroad (which put up the price of steel they made) • The valley floors were too cramped for expansion.

16. Reasons for decline ctd: • Overseas market was lost to cheaper countries like Japan • and South Korea, as they had more advanced technology • due to investment, which the British government had not • put in. • The collapse of the British Empire meant that a • previously secure market was lost. • The global market for steel became increasingly • competitive which drove the price down.

17. Impact of decline: • High unemployment: people lost their jobs in the iron and • steel industry and other industries which relied on iron • and steel e.g. coal mining. At its peak nearly 300,000 • miners were employed in the coal industry. By the 1980s • that had shrunk to 22,000, and by the early 1990s to • below 1,000. • Decline in local services and environment because fewer • people were paying Council Tax so local councils had less • money to spend. • Social problems such as poverty and crime in the region • increased.

18. Impact of decline ctd: • Outside companies were unwilling to invest in new • industries in what they thought was a run down area. • Welsh Development Agency tries to attract work today • but the valleys offer few attractions as as location for • modern industries. • Migration: people moved away to find work, especially • younger males. • Overall, the decline caused family and community • upheaval and change to many parts of the region. • Cycle of economic decline sets in. • Polluted landscape left as a reminder of the past.

19. Regeneration of Industry

20. Recent Changes in the area • Geographical inertia has meant that some steel making • and non-ferrous smelting remains at Port Talbot – • one of the U.K.s four remaining steel works. • Tin plate using locally produced steel was manufactured • at Trostre.

21. Regeneration - Government Intervention • The area was designated an ‘assisted area’ to help deal • with the unemployment. • Milford Haven and Swansea were designated ‘Enterprise • zones’ due to their exceptionally high unemployment. • Incentives were offered which led to: • Ford locating 2 plants. • Many Japanese firm located there leading the Rhondda • valley to be nicknamed the ‘Honda valley’. • They only employ small numbers however due to • mechanisation.

22. Government Intervention ctd. • The decentralisation of local government meant • government offices were relocated outside of London. • oThe DVLA moved to Swansea. • oThe Royal Mint moved to Cardiff. • Transport links were improved to attract new industries. • oThe M4 was upgraded due to EU funding. • oInter City rail links were improved and Cardiff airport • was expanded.

23. Government Intervention ctd. • Tourism was promoted in the Pembrokeshire coast area • and became a National Park. • Slag heaps were landscaped to make them blend in with • surrounding areas. • The Welsh Industrial museum was refurbished to market • the mining and steel making past. • The Maritime Museum in Cardiff’s former dockland was • refurbished. • These all helped to provide employment in the area.

24. New Industry in South Wales

25. Sony: A transnational Corporation located in South Wales Sony has invested in factories making TV sets in Bridgend, South Wales since the 1970s. It has done so because South Wales has certain advantages over other places in the UK and Europe.

26. Advantages for Sony • Land in South Wales is cheap compared to some other • parts of the UK. • Wages are lower than in some other parts of the UK. • The workforce is relatively well-educated compared with • LEDCs. • There are good transport links between South Wales and • the rest of the UK, especially the M4 and M5 motorways • this allows easy transport of components to the factory • and to large cities like London and Birmingham.

27. Advantages for Sony ctd. • Because South Wales is in the EU it means it is cheaper for Sony to sell TV sets in the EU. • The UK government offered grants and subsidies to Sony to build a factory in South Wales to help reduce unemployment. • Bridgend is close to two cities with universities (Cardiff and Swansea) which can provide research and high-tech education.