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Safety Enhancement in Helicopter Operations

Safety Enhancement in Helicopter Operations. IHST Latin American Regional Conference Sao Paulo , Brazil Somen Chowdhury Executive Committee Member, IHST VP Internationl, AHS. Contents. Why IHST : Background Objectives, Goals & Implementation

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Safety Enhancement in Helicopter Operations

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  1. Safety Enhancement in Helicopter Operations IHST Latin American Regional Conference Sao Paulo , Brazil Somen Chowdhury Executive Committee Member, IHST VP Internationl, AHS

  2. Contents • Why IHST : Background • Objectives, Goals & Implementation • Safety : in Design, manufacturing & operations - Every Step of the Way • IHSS 2005 Montreal Conference • IHST Regional Cooperation • IHSS 2007 • Conclusions

  3. Background: Current State of Affairs • Too many • Accidents ~ 565/year worldwide • Lives lost Poor Public image • Business loss • Injuries Too expensive UNACCEPTABLE

  4. 24,294 Worldwide Civil Helicopters

  5. Six Years Data2000- 2005 • Civil & Military uses • 3049 accidents • 2643 fatalities • 1027 serious injuries • 5439 minor/ no injuries

  6. Worldwide Helicopter Accidents/ year1980-2005 Source : Roy Fox Bell Helicopter

  7. Accidents rates per 100,000 hr • As per AUA ( Mike Kriebel): • 2,225,000 total helicopter hours in USA in 2004 • Accident rate per 100,000 flight hours : 8.09 • Fatal rate 1.48 • Turbine civil accident rate : 5.11 • By contrast : U.S. Air carrier rate : 0.159 • US data shows no change in rate over 24 years Need to bring down helicopter accident rates

  8. Bell civil turbine accident causes worldwide (1994-2003) Source : Roy Fox, Bell Helicopter Textron

  9. Causes of Accidents • Bell Civil turbine accident causes world wide (Pie chart) • Non Air worthiness ( Human) 74% • Unknown 12% • Airworthiness 14%

  10. Accident status in SAM countries • SAM: covers South, Central and Carribean countries • Reference ICAO report 297- AN/171presented in ICAO conference RAAC/9 , Santiago Chile 2005 • Data primarily discusses large transport aircraft accidents • Conclusions of report generally valid for helicopter operations

  11. SAM countries ( contd) • 1992 – 2001 ( 10 year period) Transport A/c accident data Asia-Australia 26.8% of all accidents Europe 21% of accdnts 29% of oprns N.America 20.5% of accdnts 42% of opns Central &S. America 16.8 % vs 9% Africa 14.5% ICAO Conclusion : accidents 3.8 times more likely in Latin American countries than in USA & Canada

  12. SAM countries (contd) • ICAO statistics (297 AN/171 ADREP) mentions hull losses in the region is 2 to 3 times world average (from 1993 to 2002) • Flight Safety Foundation suggests a risk multiplier of 5 be considered for CFIT for Central & S American airspace compared to Australia /N Zland /US & Canada

  13. ICAO report conclusions • Air cargo operations hull losses have tripled from 1993 to 2002 world wide : accidents 22 times more frequent than passenger operations • Cause : Less attention paid; operational hours are different; older fleet • Helicopter accidents are frequent ( do not have separate numbers) • Main causes: Human Factors, maintenance, operational issues, situational awareness, training • Helicopter accidents globally about 50 times more than passenger transport aircraft Less attention and lack of enforcement of safety practices seem to be the primary cause of increased accidents

  14. The Real Challenge Iceberg Theory 1 Accidents 10 Serious Incidents 300 Incidents 1200 Near Misses Heinrich Ratio The BIG Picture Hidden or Unseen Conditions are Below The Surface

  15. The ‘Swiss Cheese’ Model Successive layers of defenses, barriers, & safeguards Barriers are Safety Nets Some holes due to active failures (present in use) Hazards When barriers fail Other holes due to latent conditions (present, not visible) ACCIDENT

  16. The Danger… - is all around us!!!

  17. Goals & ImplementationNeed to Act • Can the industry do better ? • How ? • Need a mitigation Strategy

  18. Need to Act • Helicopter operations are essential • There is a need to have a comprehensive hard look as to how we operate and do business • There is an absence of any concerted plan so far • IHSS 2005 was held in Montreal to kick – off the accident reduction process CAST (commercial aviation safety team) was considered a good model to follow

  19. IHSS 2005 Montreal Conference • Results • Attendance ~250 • International • 13 countries • 5 continents • Industry wide • Government • Regulatory • Accident Investigators • OEMs • Mission groups • Operators • Pilots • Maintainers • Aviation Press • Four day program • Training Sessions • Management • Military • Maintenance • Invited Speakers • Paper sessions • Military & Civil missions • Human Performance & Training • Design & Maintenance • Accidents & Regulation • Management & Economics • Discussion panels • Plenary session IHST set up

  20. Mission • To provide government, industry and operator leadership to develop and focus implementation of an integrated, data-driven strategy to improve helicopter aviation safety worldwide, both military and civil. • Vision • To achieve the highest levels of safety in the international helicopter communities by focusing on appropriate initiatives prioritized to result in the greatest improvement in helicopter aviation safety. IHST Goal To reduce helicopter accidents by 80% By 2016

  21. Executive Committee IHST Secretariat JHSAT JHSIT Subcommittees Subcommittees IHSTOrganisation JHSAT - Joint Helicopter Safety Advisory Team JHSIT - Joint Helicopter Safety Implementation Team

  22. Data Analysis Implement Safety Enhancements - U.S. Set Safety Priorities Agree on problems and interventions Influence Safety Enhancements - Worldwide Achieve consensus on priorities Integrate into existing work and distribute Implementation:Process

  23. Charters • Joint Helicopter Safety Analysis Team (JHSAT) Charter: • Conduct, review and analyse accident report and identify causal factors; • Investigate and recommend improvements and develop mitigation strategies to meet 80% goal ; periodic status measurements; • Draft action plans to determine intervention strategies and milestones for IHST approval. • Joint Helicopter Safety Implementation Team (JHSIT) Charter: • Develop and prioritize implementation plan; • Carry out rigorous cost-benefit analysis for implementation strategies to achieve IHST goals; • Develop action plans; • Coordinate implementation of IHST-approved strategies; • Develop and track performance; • Determine progress in meeting major milestones and effectivenessof interventions.

  24. Buy-in Worldwide: Government, Military & Civil Groups, OEMs • USA • Bell • Boeing • Sikorsky • RR • Pratt & Whitney • Honeywell • Europe • Eurocopter • Augusta-Westand • Turbomeca • Canada • CHC Helicopters • Brazil : Petrobras,Lider • USA • AHS - American Helicopter Society International • AAMS - Association of Air Medical Services • FAA - Federal Aviation Administration • FSF - Flight Safety Foundation Inc. • HAI - Helicopter Association International • NAVAIR - U.S. Navy - Naval Safety Center • NTSB - National Transportation Safety Board • U.S. Army Combat Readiness Center • Europe • BEA - Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile • EHA - European Helicopter Association • Canada • TCCA - Transport Canada Civil Aviation • TSB - Transportation Safety Board of Canada • India, Australia & now Brazil & Latin America (ABRAPHE, CENIPA) Need all operators to buy-in

  25. D (OEM) Original Equipment Manufacturer

  26. OEM

  27. OEM

  28. OEM

  29. Approach • How do we achieve the best decisions? • Regulatory obligations • Voluntary Actions

  30. Regulation Regulation = An enforced rule of conduct • Tells industry: What to do / What not to do • Outlines legal Obligations & authorities • Assumes the industry will by default not comply • Directed towards meeting public expectations • Elements of posturing • New Approach : sharing of responsibilities

  31. Voluntary Compliance In the interest of one’s business, lives and efficiency of operations • Develop a voluntary code of conduct : reflects maturity of the industry The Safety management system • Need to Outline a plan • Will be a proactive system • Will be documented • Will have a safety oversight system • Training • Quality Assurance • Emergency preparedness • A closed loop corrective system

  32. Product Life Cycle Design Manufacture Modifications & Repairs Continuing Airworthiness Operations Maintenance

  33. Safety Failure Prevention technologies Operational regulations Maintenance Quality Assurance - No Flaw Airworthy Product • Reliability • anti corrosion • - reduce vibration • Survivability • technology • ext. airbag • Crash worthy seats • & fuel tanks • - floatation gear • - egress • Human Factors • Training of all parties • -Pilot aids • Mission comprehension S M S S M S S M S 3 years 20-30 years Safety: Every Step of the WayIHST Strategy Continuing Airworthiness Short term Action

  34. Design • Failure Prevention Technologies • Fail safe design vs safe life design/ CPR for evolutionary design • Composite structures : prevents catastrophic failures • HUMS : DPHM; embedded sensors • Reliability • Corrosion control • No single point failure for critical components : 10-9 probability • FMEA • Survivability • Energy absorbing seats • Crash worthy fuel tanks • Energy absorbing structures • egress RETURN

  35. DESIGN ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS STRUCTURES SYSTEMS STRUCTURES Functional Hazards Analysis (FHA) STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS - Damage Tolerance Insp. - Safe Life Component Retirements SYSTEMS/ POWERPLANTS MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS - Maintenance Significant Items (MSIs) STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS - Structure Significant Items (SSIs) Systems Safety Analysis (SSA) - Candidate Certification Maintenance Requirements (CCMRs) - Major Futur Consequences MANUFACTURER - Servicing - Maintenance Tasks - Repair Instructions - Components Manuals - Inspection Techniques - Troubleshooting - Tooling - Etc. Certification Maintenance Requirements (CMRs) AIRWORTHINESS LIMITATIONS MAINTENANCE REVIEW BOARD REPORT ICAs

  36. Probability and Severity Relationships

  37. HAZARD SEVERITY HAZARD PROBABILITY Catastrophic Level 1 Critical Level 2 Significant Level 3 Negligible Level 4 Frequent – Level A 1A = EXTREMELY HIGH 2A = EXTREMELY HIGH 3A = HIGH 4A = MEDIUM Probable – Level B 1B = EXTREMELY HIGH 2B = HIGH 3B = MEDIUM 4B = LOW Occasional – Level C 1C = HIGH 2C = HIGH 3C = MEDIUM 4C = LOW Remote/Seldom - Level D 1D = MEDIUM 2D = MEDIUM 3D = MEDIUM 4D = LOW Improbable/Unlikely - Level E 1E = LOW 2E = LOW 3E = LOW 4E = LOW Failure risk mitigation strategy

  38. Manufacturing • Flawless manufacturing • Reduce MDRs • Improved inspection technologies • Reduced variability RETURN

  39. Monitoring of Fielded Systems • Service Difficulty Reporting System (SDRS) • Computerized Airworthiness Information System (CAIS) • Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting Systems (CADORS)

  40. Murphy’s Law No. 3 If anything can possibly go wrong, it will! MAMA MIA !

  41. Murphy’s Law No. 8 ? ? ? By making something perfectly clear, someone will be totally confused!

  42. Field & Flight OperationsHuman Factors Human Factors is cause of 75% accidents It is critical to enhanced safety Need to integrate HF in maintenance Provide smarter maintenance aids Provide increased situational awareness inputs to pilots The door opened in flight! RETURN

  43. IHST Regional Cooperation International Cooperation is essential • Regulators • Operators • OEMS In all regions of the world. We started with S Asia, Australia then Brazil Go to: S.Africa, Middle East, Japan Russia We are all in it together

  44. IHSS 2007 • Montreal • Dates –September 19 to 21, 2007 • Action Plan from JHSAT, JHSIT • Report on worldwide participation Pictures from www.tourisme-montreal.org

  45. Conclusions • Need to act urgently in improving the safety of helicopter operations • Important area of focus is human factors and situational awareness • Get involved in the IHST process • Accidents can be avoided : need to set up the right process • The present accident rates in the helicopter industry are unacceptable

  46. Questions? Please check out the IHST website: www.ihst.org

  47. Thank you

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