Americans and a World in Crisis, 1933-1945

1. Americans and a World in Crisis, 1933-1945 Chapter 25: The Enduring Vision

2. Guiding Questions • How did the Roosevelt administration and the American people respond to the international crises of the 1930s? • How did war mobilization transform the American economy and government? • What were the major aspects of Allied military strategy in Europe and Asia? • What were the major effects of World War II on American society, including minorities and women? • What were the arguments for and against the use of the atomic bomb to end the war with Japan?

3. The Great Depression • FDR’s view on Latin America • Yankee Imperialism • The “Good Neighbor” Policy • Haiti • The Platt Amendment • Panama

4. Latin America • Cuba • Fulgencio Batista • Mexico • Lazaro Cardenas • Fulgencio Batista

5. The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe • Benito Mussolini • Abyssinia (Ethiopia) • Adolf Hitler • The National Socialist Party (Nazis) • The Treaty of Versailles • The “inferior race”

6. The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe • Hitler’s military build up • The Rhineland • The Austrian Anschluss (1938)

7. The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe • The Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) • Neville Chamberlain • Eduard Daladier • The Munich Conference • “Peace in our time” • The Munich Pact

8. The Rise of Aggressive States in Asia • Japanese aggression in Asia • Manchuria (1931) • The Sino-Japanese War (1937) • Protests from Washington

9. The American Mood: No More War • Gerald P. Nye • The Nye Committee • “Merchants of death” • The Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) • The 1936 Olympics • Jesse Owens

10. The Gathering Storm • Czechoslovakia • (March 1939) • The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • (August 1939) • Defense Spending in the United States

11. America and the Jewish Refugees • German Jews • The Nuremberg Laws (1935) • Kristallnacht (November 1938) • U.S. Immigration laws

12. The War in Europe • Danzig • September 1, 1939 • Britain and France declare war on Germany • “Cash and Carry”

13. The War in Europe • Spring 1940 • Securing the Northern Flank • The fall of France (May 10-June 22) • Dunkirk

14. The War in Europe • The Battle of Britain • The Luftwaffe • Winston Churchill

15. From Isolation to Intervention • FDR’s Third Term • The Selective Service Act (September 1940) • The Destroyers for Bases Deal (September 1940) • The America First Committee

16. From Isolation to Intervention • the “great arsenal of democracy” • The Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) • Helping China and the Soviet Union

17. From Isolation to Intervention • German U-Boats • Convoys • Greenland and Iceland • The Atlantic Charter (August 1941) • The Reuben James

18. The Coming of War • “the two ocean navy” • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • The Open Door Policy • The Yellow Peril

19. The Coming of War • Economic Coercion • Northern Indochina • The Tripartite Pact (September 1940) • Japan occupies southern Indochina • (July 1941) • FDR’s response to Japanese Aggression • Hideki Tojo

20. The Coming of War • US Intelligence (November 1941) • War Warnings • Pearl Harbor (Oahu) (December 7, 1941) • The Philippines, Malaya, and Hong Kong • False Accusations against FDR

21. America enters World War II • “a day which will live in infamy” • Hitler and Mussolini declare war on the United States • Attacks from U-Boat Wolf Packs • The state of the war in December 1941

22. Organizing for War • The War Powers Act • Volunteers and Draftees • The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) • The War Production Board (WPB) • The War Manpower Commission (WMC)

23. Organizing for War • The National War Labor Board (NWLB) • The Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Switching to war time production • Making synthetic rubber • Defense Spending

24. The Wartime Economy • Ending the Great Depression • New Jobs • Western and Southern Development • Farm Production • Full Employment • Becoming a middle class nation

25. The Wartime Economy • Labor Unions • Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act of 1943 • wages, prices, and rents • Rationing • Meatless Tuesdays and Victory Gardens • Scrap Metal Drives

26. The Wartime Economy • War Bonds • Increasing Taxes • The Revenue Act (1942) • Tax increases on all classes

27. “A Wizard War” • Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • Computer Technology • “miracle drugs” • Penicillin • Insecticides

28. The Wizard War • The Manhattan Project • Albert Einstein • Atomic Bomb Development • The Manhattan Project • Los Alamos, New Mexico • J. Robert Oppenheimer

29. Propaganda • The Office of Censorship • The Office of War Information (OWI) • Hollywood Films • Music, cartoons and advertising

30. The European Theater • Defeating Germany First • The State of the War (1942) • The Second Front • North Africa

31. Northern Africa • Operation Torch (November 1942) • French Resistance from the Vichy Regime • Reasons for choosing Northern Africa • Charles De Gaulle • December 1942

32. The War in the Soviet Union • Stalingrad (August 1942-January 1943) • The Casablanca Conference (January 1943) • Moving to Sicily • George Marshall • “Unconditional Surrender”

33. The Italian Campaign • Operation Husky (July 1943) • Messina • George Patton • Bernard Montgomery • The Dismissal of Mussolini • Hitler rescues Mussolini

34. The Italian Campaign • Italy “surrenders” (September 1943) • The Division of Italy • The Gustav Line

35. The War in Europe • Kursk (July 1943) • The Teheran Conference • (November 1943) • The Big Three • The Planning of Overlord • Anzio (January 1944) • Monte Cassino (January – June 1944)

36. The Second Front • Normandy • Planning for Overlord • June 6, 1944 • Paratroopers • Cherbourg • Utah and Omaha Beach

37. The European Theater • The Liberation of France • The Battle of the Bulge (December 1944)

38. Wartime Diplomacy • The Yalta Conference (February 1945) • The State of the War • Stalin decision on Japan • Dividing Germany • Free Elections in Eastern Europe • The United Nations • The Polish Government

39. Moving towards Berlin • Crossing the Rhine (March 1945) • Eisenhower’s Decision to stop at the Elbe River • Roosevelt’s Death • Hitler commits suicide • Germany Surrenders • V-E Day

40. The Potsdam Conference • Harry Truman • The United Nations • The Potsdam Conference • (July-August 1945) • The Council of Foreign Ministers

41. The War in the Pacific • The Doolittle Raid (April 1942) • Lt. Colonel James Doolittle • The Battle of the Coral Sea • (May 1942) • American Cryptology • Port Moresby

42. The War in the Pacific • The Battle of Midway (June 1942) • Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto • The Aleutian Islands • Heavy losses for the Japanese • The turning point of the war

43. Island Hopping • Guadalcanal (August 1942) • Tropical Conditions • Japanese Attempts to • retake the island • Japan evacuates remaining forces (February 1943)

44. Island Hopping • Douglas MacArthur • Admiral Chester Nimitz • Rabaul (Northeast tip of New Britain) • Operation Cartwheel • Building Airstrips • February 1944

45. Island Hopping • Retaking the Philippines • The Battle of Leyte Gulf • (October 1944) • Kamikaze Attacks • Capturing Manila • March 1945

46. Island Hopping • Iwo Jima (February 1945) • Building airstrips for heavy US bombers • Japanese Defense of Iwo Jima • Mt. Suribachi • Results

47. Island Hopping • Okinawa (April 1945) • Kamikaze Attacks • Civilian losses • Japanese losses • American losses

48. The decision the use the atomic bombs • The legacy of island hopping • Japanese tenacity • The potential number of American casualties • The Potsdam Declaration

49. The decision to use the atomic bomb • Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) • Stalin declares war on Japan • Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) • V-J Day (August 14) • General MacArthur accepts the Japanese surrender (September 2, 1945)

50. Social Change in America • Moving Americans around the world • African Americans and World War II • A Philip Randolph • Executive Order 8802