Summary

1. Summary Wars, Acts and Proclamations

2. Seven Years’ War (English Canadians) or War of the Conquest (French Canadians) • In the U.S. the Seven Years’ War is known as “the French and Indian War.” • The Seven Years’ War actually lasted nine years in North America. • Important to know: The Seven Years’ War was the final conflict between Britain and France for the control of North America. • Summary: • 1613: Samuel Argall attacks Acadia in an attempt to drive the French from the east coast. • 1629 – 33: The Kirke Brothers capture Quebec, taking Champlain prisoner

3. Summary (continued): • 1654 – 70: Acadia is under English control. • 1686: De Troyes leads “North America’s first commando raid” against HBC posts in James Bay. Although England and France are technically at peace over in Europe, in Canada the “fur wars” will rage for years. • 1688 – 97: WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG (in North America, King Williams’ War) • William Phips captures Acadia and then sails on to Quebec, but Governor Frontenac stands tall and the attack fails. • Iberville capture HBC forts with wild abandon and leads a rampage across the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland.

4. 1702 – 13: WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (Queen Anne’s War) • Acadia is captured and Port Royal is re-named Annapolis Royal. • Treaty of Utrecht, France ceded claims to the Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland (other than fishing rights off the north shore). • After the war, the French found Louisbourg. • 1713 – 43: Thirty years of peace, considered a “Golden Age” for both Acadia and Canada. • 1740 – 48: WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (King George’s War) • Louisbourg is taken in 1745, but is later returned to France by treaty. • The British immediately begin building Halifax. • 1756 – 63: SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR) • The Acadians are expelled and the British again capture Louisbourg. • Quebec is taken, and in the Treaty of Paris, France cedes all its territories in North America, except for a pair of small islands off of Newfoundland. • It is the end of New France and more than 150 years of conflict between Britain and France for control of North America

5. The Royal Proclamation (1763) • King George III • Wanted to officially claim British territory in North America after Britain won the Seven Years War. • Ownership over North America was issued to King George • Aboriginal Land • All land would be considered Aboriginal land until ceded by treaty. • The Proclamation forbade settlers from claiming land from the Aboriginal occupants, unless it had been first bought by the Crown and then sold to the settlers. • Only the Crown can buy land from First Nations.

6. The “Intolerable” Acts (1774)The Quebec Act • Goals: • Meet the needs of citizens (French) more efficiently. • Re-establish the Canadian Borders for purpose of trade. • Colonists viewed this as an act of taking away more land • The Colonists viewed the act as an extension of the Proclamation of 1763 • The British viewed this as a wise business move to re-establish trade with the French in the new world.

7. The Constitutional Act (1791)

8. A British law that changed the government of the province of Quebec to accommodate the many English-speaking settlers, known as the United Empire Loyalists • Arrived from the US following the American Revolution • Quebec was divided into two. • The western half became Upper Canada (now Southern Ontario) • Received English law and institutions • The eastern half became Lower Canada (now Southern Quebec) • Retained French law and institutions • Seigniorial land tenure • Roman Catholic church • Each established a Legislative Assembly • Upper House, Legislative Council (within it an Executive Council) • Each thought the other had more power, but kept on keepin’ on with the Act.

9. The Union Act (1840) • Abolished the legislatures of Lower Canada and Upper Canada • Instead, established a new political entity, the Province of Canada • Similar to other Acts of Union passed by the British Parliament • Lord Durham’s Report on Canada • Was sent to the colonies to examine the causes of the Rebellions of 1837 in both Upper and Lower Canada • Wanted to re-instate peace throughout the colonies • This would be achieved by ensuring a loyal English majority in British North America, by Anglicizing French Canadians, and by granting responsible government. • As British immigration increased, politicians in Canada West began to lobby for representation by population as they no longer considered the equal representation to be just. • There remained issues between the French Canada East and the English Canada West.