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Key Events in International System Development

Key Events in International System Development. Key Events. The Beginning 18 th & 19 th Centuries 20 th & 21 st Centuries. The Beginning. Why is this building, the Friedensaal , significant to international relations?. Treaty of Westphalia. Signed in 1648- ended the 30 Years War.

randall-hopkins
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Key Events in International System Development

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  1. Key Events in International System Development

  2. Key Events • The Beginning • 18th & 19th Centuries • 20th & 21st Centuries

  3. The Beginning Why is this building, the Friedensaal, significant to international relations?

  4. Treaty of Westphalia Signed in 1648- ended the 30 Years War

  5. Treaty of Westphalia-1648 3 things came out of the Treaty: Sovereignty States System

  6. Multipolar System of Europe Power Pole Power Pole Power Pole Growing Power 4+ Power Poles = Multipolar System Growing Power Power Pole

  7. 18th & 19th Centuries

  8. Evolution of Popular Sovereignty • Raison d’état(‘Requirements of the State’) • Divine Right of Kings • Challenges to raison d’état • ‘Popular’ sovereignty • American, French Revolutions http://dm-fa.org/academic/gerome2.html#11 http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/13/156722719/let-them-eat-kale-vegetarians-and-the-french-revolution

  9. European Domination Scientific & Technological Advances • Naval Technology • Guns & Gunpowder • Industrial Revolution • Need to expand Colonialism & Imperialism • What are these? • Berlin Conference (1884-85) • Where? ¤

  10. The Americas

  11. Africa • Britain • France • Germany • Italy • Belgium • Portugal

  12. Asia • Britain • Netherlands • France • U.S. • Japan • Russia

  13. The Sun Never Sets

  14. 20th & 21st Centuries

  15. Among the terms of the Versailles Treaty were: • Surrender of all German colonies • Return disputed territories to France, Belgium, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, and Poland • German reparations of £6,600 million (~ US 10.7 B) • An acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war • Limit army and navy troop sizes • No tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no aircraft , no airships, naval vessels under 100,000 tons, no submarines • Germany signed the Versailles Treaty under protest. The US Congress refused to ratify the treaty. • Excerpt from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWversailles.htm WWI • Treaty of Versailles • War Reparations • League of Nations • Empires end • Ottoman • Austro-Hungarian ¤ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gap_in_the_Bridge.gif

  16. Ottoman Empire from 1807-1924 • When the war started, the Ottoman Empire included: • All of Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malta, Romania, Slovenia, Syria, Turkey • Large parts of Egypt, Iraq, Libya

  17. Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918 • All of Austria, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, • Parts of Romania, Poland, Germany, Italy, Ukraine

  18. Post - WWI • Rise of Communist Russia • Bolshevik Revolution • Rise of German nationalism Either Death to Capitalism or Death by Capitalism

  19. Post - WWI • The Great Depression • Munich Conference • Sudetenland • Appeasement Policy • Rising Soviet Union Neville Chamberlain ‘appeasing’ Hitler, 1938

  20. WWII • European Theater of Operations • Pacific Theater of Operations

  21. Post - WWII Bretton Woods Conference -1944 • Int’l Monetary Fund (IMF) • Financial stability • World Bank (WB) • Development ¤

  22. Post - WWII United Nations- 1945 • Purpose • Structure • UN General Assembly • Secretary General • UN Security Council • 5 + 10 = 15 • Saudi says no • Issues • Security • Human Rights • Environment ¤

  23. Post - WWII UN Charter • Self-determination • US/ SU push • Decolonization ¤ http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Newsom/newsom-con3.html

  24. US v. SU= Bipolar System Growing Power Superpower Pole Growing Power 2 Power Poles = Bipolar System Superpower Pole Growing Power Growing Power

  25. Cold War Era • U.S. Containment • Korea, Vietnam • Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 • Nixon goes to China -1972 • ‘Globalization’ begins • Berlin Wall is torn down -1989 • Eastern Bloc follows • Fall of the Soviet Union -1991 • Back to multipolar system • NATO ¤

  26. Soviet Empire 15 Countries

  27. Post-CW Era and NATO Why is the Baltic situation compared to the Sudetenland? • Native-speaking Russians • Estonia = 25% • Latvia = 27% • Lithuania = 6% - but– Kaliningrad factor • Fear annex by Russia to protect ‘local’ population • Russia  Ukraine (Crimea annex) • Latvian Russians support annexation (2 in 3) • Poland also concerned • Want EU, NATO to do more • Tougher sanctions • Need alternative gas supply ¤

  28. 21st Century Economy • Economic division • GN-many colonizers • GS- almost all colonized • European Union - 1992 • Expansion • Adoption of euro-1999 • Global recession - 2008 • Eurocrisis - 2010 • World Trade Organization (WTO)-1995 • WTO at 153:22 • Free trade ¤

  29. 21st Century Security • 9/11 -2001 • War on Terror • Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003) • North Korea • Concerns ¤ http://www.americanprogress.org/cartoon/2007/08/20/12264/the-war-on-terror-an-update/

  30. 21st Century Security • Arab Spring -2011 • Syria • About conflict • Assad regime http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring

  31. 21st Century Security Jihadism- ‘struggle’ • Islamic extremists • al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas • al-Shabab- Somalia • Boko Haram- Nigeria • ‘against Western education’ • Islamic State (IS) • Iraq, Syria ¤ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-29063111

  32. 21st Century Security • Ukraine • Crimea annexed • Eastern revolt • Ebola outbreak • DR Congo ¤ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28755033 http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21579521-new-un-intervention-force-eastern-congo-has-most-robust

  33. The Congo Conflict Who was in conflict in the DR Congo? • Congo government • M23 • Tutsi rebels/ ‘freedom’ fighters • Supported by Rwanda, Uganda • UN peacekeeping mission (since 1999) • Offensive strategy • Armed reinforcements • Soldiers from SA, Tanzania, Malawi ¤ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20586792

  34. The Congo Conflict Why is SA’s interest? • Regional power, influence Why are UN troops intervening in the DR Congo conflict? • Own humiliation • Need armed reinforces who can fight • End human rights violations • Murder, rape, torture, displacement, looting ¤

  35. The Congo Conflict Why is this UN intervention significant? • 1st time UN intervening with counter-insurgency tactics • UN Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) • Defeated rebels in ~ 6 months • Likely to use again ¤ http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33195:un-force-intervention-brigade-ready-for-robust-action&catid=56:diplomacy-a-peace&Itemid=111

  36. Key Events Recap • The Beginning • Treaty of Westphalia • 18th & 19th Centuries • Shift in sovereignty • Technological advances • Colonization • 20th & 21st Centuries • World wars, Cold War • Post-Cold War events

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