The Civil Rights Movement and Beyond

1. The Civil Rights Movement and Beyond 1948- present day

2. End of WWII • Cold War – the period of indirect conflict between the United States and the USSR from 1945-1991 • Baby Boom- from the end of WWII – 1960, the USA experiences about 50 million births and the US experiences tremendous financial expansion compared to previous periods.

3. Smith v Allwright • Supreme Court case (1944) • Jim Crow laws were permitted to impact Political Parties and who the parties allowed to vote in primary votes. • Texas Democratic Party would be allowed to hold white only primaries. • Case mandates that Race cannot be used to stop political participation in Political Parties.

4. Progression of Professional Sports • 1946- Kenny Washington signs with the LA Rams to integrate the NFL • 1947- Jackie Robinson is called up to the major leagues to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers • 1950- Earl Lloyd signs a contract to play in the NBA with the Washington Capitols

5. Kenny Washington

6. Jackie Robinson

7. Earl Lloyd

8. Jack Johnson • First African- American to win the Heavyweight boxing title against Jim Jefferies. • Arrested for violating the Mann Act and convicted based on information that pre-dated the passage of the Mann Act. • Spent 1 year in jail and granted a posthumous pardon in 2018.

9. Jack Johnson

10. Executive Order 9981 • 1948- signed by Harry Truman • The Executive branch began to do research on the opinions of white officers serving with African- American enlisted men. Found the overwhelming majority of officers opinions had changed about African-Americans. • Units will now not be segregated based off of racial identity.

11. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka • 1954 • Linda Brown, a student of Topeka’s public schools, is required to go to a school that is segregated and over a mile away from her home. • There is an all-white school only six blocks from her home. • These plaintiffs were arguing that de jure segregation was a violation of the 14th amendment and that these facilities were not of an equal setting

12. Brown Continued. • The case is a class action suit brought with 13 parents and 20 children were arguing that the system is unequal. • The NAACP will provide the legal argumentation in front of the Supreme Court with Thurgood Marshall serving as the lead lawyer. • The Supreme Court will rule in favor of the Plaintiffs and that Plessy v Ferguson is no longer constitutional. De Jure Segregation of schools should no longer be the law of the land.

13. Brown Pt. 3 • The Supreme Court decision will face staunch resistance throughout the South. • Most states are not making any meaningful attempts at desegregating schools. • There won’t be meaningful changes in desegregation until the end of the 1960’s into the 1970’s

15. Emmett Till • 14-year old from Chicago, Illinois • Visited family near Money, Mississippi • Accused of making inappropriate advances towards a married white woman outside of a Grocery Store. • The woman’s husband and brother-in-law will kidnap and lynch Till then submerge his body in the local river.

16. Till (continued) • These two men responsible for the murder are brought in front of an all-white jury and acquitted in 1955. • One year later, the men admit in an interview that they were in fact responsible for the murder of Till. • Till will be buried in Chicago and be given an open casket funeral covered by the media of the day.

17. Till part 3 • With the media covering the funeral, the US and the world are shown the effects of lynching and lack of rights in the South for African-Americans. • The media outrage helps reignite and reinvigorate the Civil Rights movement. • Helps create the conditions to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Commission on Civil Rights and outlaws voter intimidation.

18. Emmett Till, age 14

19. Little Rock Nine • 1957- Nine African- American children were trying to register for school at Little Rock Central High School. • Arkansas governor, OrvalFaubus, called in the National Guard to block the admission of these students into the school. • Eisenhower calls in the Army to protect the students and maintain integration orders from a federal level. • 1958- Little Rock closed schools for a whole year to protest integration and appeal decisions in court system.

22. James Meredith • Air Force veteran(1951-1960) • 1961- Meredith wants to register for classes at the University of Mississippi • The State of Mississippi barred Meredith from being admitted. • Meredith will be admitted to Ole Miss under the protection of 500 US Marshals • The Ole Miss community will begin to riot of integration in 1962

23. Meredith on campus at Ole Miss

24. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Montgomery Buses created a policy of reserving the first 10 seats for white patrons and the last 10 seats for African-American patrons. Middle seats were unreserved. • 1955- Rosa Parks refuses to follow the command given by the Bus Driver for her to vacate her seat for a white patron • Montgomery begins to boycott the system. Organized by the Montgomery Improvement Association and NAACP.

25. Montgomery part 2 • E.D. Nixon and Martin Luther King, Jr. organize full scale boycott of the buses for a period of 381 days. • The community helped boycotters by providing other means of transportation through cheap taxi fare and car pools. • Browder v Gayle- Federal courts rule that Alabama’s bus policies were a violation of the 14th Amendment.

26. Diagram of Rosa Park’s arrest

27. Tallahassee Bus Boycott • Wilhemina Jakes and Carrie Pattersonare students at F.A.M.U. and are arrested for refusing the orders of a Tallahassee Bus Driver to move their seats. • Once Jakes and Patterson were arrested, the Student Government Association of FAMU organizes a student led boycott of the bus system. • Demanded integration and more employment opportunities in the Bus company.

28. SCLC • Created in the wake of the success of the Montgomery Boycott. • Collection of Southern African- American leaders working towards improvements in equality by using civil disobedience and boycotts • Helped organize events in Selma, Alabama and St. Augustine, Florida.

29. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born in Atlanta in 1929 • Graduated Morehouse College at the age of 18 • Used Civil Disobedience and other non-violent means to achieve change. • Major Contributions: Civil Rights Act 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965, St Augustine Movement, Montgomery Boycott, March of Washington

30. SNCC • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee • Used Sit-Ins to protest segregated stores and restaurants around college towns in the South. • Worked with the SCLC and other organizations through the Civil Rights movements of the 1960’s.

31. Stokely Carmichael • Chairmen of the SNCC • Emphasized the Black Power Movement: economic freedom from traditional white owned businesses. Entrepreneurial spirit fostered to create these businesses. • Strong opposition to the Vietnam War.

33. Medgar Evers • Civil rights organizer, working mostly in the state of Mississippi. • Involved with desegregating schools throughout the entire state and tried to increase African-American voting rights. • Assassinated by the KKK in 1963 while returning home from a organizing meeting. • Murderer wasn’t convicted until 1994.

35. Freedom Rides • The Supreme Court issued several rulings in the late 1940’s and into the 1950’s mandating an end to segregated busing practices but the Southern States are not enforcing these mandates. • Organized in large part by the Congress of Racial Equality. Starting in 1960, about 500 activists will ride to integrate buses across southern state transportation routes. • Southern leaders will try to arrest as many as possible. Used a common tactic of “jail, no bail” to deter as many as possible. • National Government will start to mandate the Southern compliance

36. Birmingham Campaign • Birmingham is one of the most segregated cities in the South. Experienced around 50 unsolved racially motivated bombings between 1945-1962. 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing (4 girls killed) • With these bombings and discrimination, the SCLC turns its attention to the city to organize demonstrations across the city. Focused primarily on shopping areas and government buildings.

37. Birmingham • Birmingham’s head of Safety named Bull Connor acquires an injunction from the courts to stop the boycotts and sit-ins • King will be arrested for violating the injunction, sends one week in Jail. 4/12- 4/20. • Children’s Crusade- May 2-3 1963 SCLC organizes students to protest and sit-in at public buildings in downtown Birmingham. • Connor decides to use water and dogs to disperse the protests.

38. Selma • A series of three marches from Selma to the capital of Montgomery, Alabama. • The marches were used to demonstrate the unfair voting practices directed toward African-Americans. • Selma Police try to stop all three marches. The protesters face constant violence and there will be casualties. • Event encourages the signing of the Voting Rights Act.

39. 1964 Civil Rights Act • Discrimination based off of race, color, religion prohibited • Can no longer segregate public facilities based off of race. • Cannot apply voting restrictions to any one specific group of individuals. • Signed into law by Lyndon B Johnson

40. 1965 Voting Rights Act • Bans racial discrimination in voting laws. • Will outlaw things like Literacy Tests from being applied exclusively to African-Americans and anyone else. • Cracks down on unfair districting lines from being drawn. • Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson.

41. Affirmative Action/ Great Society • Policy created in part by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Executive order 11246 • Employers cannot discriminate hiring policies based off of race and have official plans to help recruit and hire historically marginalized groups of people. • Corporations have to report plans to the federal government and face major financial penalties if out of compliance.

42. Malcolm X • Born Malcolm Little in Detroit, Michigan. • Spent time in jail as a young man. Taught himself how to read by copying the dictionary • Converted to the Nation of Islam and became a practicing minister. • Early Civil Rights work focused on achieving equality by any means necessary

43. Malcolm X continued • Emphasis on Black Nationalism and economic independence. • By 1964, Malcolm X leaves the Nation of Islam and becomes a Sunni minister. • The Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad is upset with Malcolm leaving and criticizing the Nation. • Murdered by members of the Nation of Islam.

44. Malcolm X, 1964

45. Black Panther Party • Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in 1966 • Created the organization as a response to issues with police brutality in the Oakland, California. • Organized Free Clinics and Breakfast programs for children in the Oakland • Membership declines in the 1970’s because of violent conflicts with the police.

48. St. Augustine Movement • St. John’s County is still segregating schools and other facilities after the Brown decision. • Dr. Robert Hayling begins to organize with the local chapter of the NAACP in 1963. • Begins a series of Sit-Ins at different businesses across the county.

49. St. Augustine continued • By 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr. , becomes involved with the St. Augustine Movement • The SCLC organizes several Swim –Ins in various pools in public and private institutions. • Monson Motor Lodge- cameras catch owner, James Brock, pouring acid into the pool to get protestors out.